Viruses, including herpes viruses, can alter oxidative balance by either increasing the formation of free radicals or inhibiting synthesis of enzymes involved in oxidative defense within host cells. This study examined the occurrence of oxidative and antioxidative balance in cows naturally infected with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) under field conditions. Clinical history indicated that cows had been sick and showed mild to severe respiratory signs, characterized by dullness, coughing, and lacrimation, and a high febrile response. All samples obtained from the infected animals during clinical examination were confirmed as positive for bovine herpesvirus type 1 by PCR. Control cows showed no clinical abnormalities and PCR results were negative. Total antioxidative status, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, and some biochemical parameters were measured. The level of total antioxidative status was significantly lower in infected animals, compared with the healthy control group (P = 0.025). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups for total oxidant status and oxidative stress index levels. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the infected groups, with respect to concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, alanine transferase, γ glutamyl transferase, monocyte, and erythrocyte (P < 0.05). On the other hand, aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine kinase concentrations significantly increased in the cows infected with BHV-1. In conclusion, the data obtained hereby explained that animals with infected BHV-1 seemed to have more oxidative stress and low antioxidant defense. Moreover, future research conductance is needed on antioxidative and oxidative balance to understand pathophysiology of BHV-1 infections.

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OBJECTIVES: Intestinal motility is regulated by several neurotransmitters and neuropeptides including dopamine and acetylcholine as well as ghrelin. Metoclopramide and domperidone are long-standing treatment options for dysmotility, and erythromycin is suggested in selected patients. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of mentioned prokinetics on ghrelin levels. METHODS: Serum ghrelin levels were estimated by using enzyme-linked immunoassay following a single administration of domperidone, metoclopramide, or erythromycin. RESULTS: Our results showed that both antidopaminergic and cholinergic prokinetics increase the circulating ghrelin levels. There was no signifi cant difference between enteral and parenteral control groups. Also, statistical analysis revealed that neither prokinetic was superior to the other in regard to its ghrelin stimulating effect. CONCLUSION: Conclusively, the present study demonstrated that the circulating levels of ghrelin increase by the administration of antidopaminergic and cholinergic prokinetics. Hence, this effect on ghrelin may partly be responsible for the motility-stimulating actions of domperidone, metoclopramide, and erythromycin (Fig. 2, Ref. 39). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

IntroductionProlongation of the QT interval is commonly used as a surrogate marker of torsades de pointes (TdP), which is a known clinical risk factor for the development of severe, life-threatening, ventricular arrhythmias (Abi-Gerges et al., 2004). Noncardiovascular drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval is often associated with the onset of TdP (Haverkamp et al., 2000;De Ponti et al., 2001). Fluoroquinolones are among the drugs of choice for the treatment of common bacterial infections due to their wide spectrum against respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary pathogens (Elmas et al., 2006). QT interval prolongation is also a class effect of fluoroquinolones but there are great differences between the various members of this group (Camm, 2005). Thus, there are significant differences in the potency to prolong QT interval among the fluoroquinolones and the risk of arrhythmia varies between drugs and with co-risk factors (Frothingham, 2001;Owens and Ambrose, 2002). Because a QT prolongation and potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias associated with quinolones such as grepafloxacin due to several cases of sudden death and TdP have been encountered retrospectively, enrofloxacin needs to be further investigated in detail. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of normal and high doses of enrofloxacin on basal electrocardiographic parameters including heart rate (HR), P, QRS, QT, and RR intervals and corrected QT (QTc) values as well as biochemical and haematological findings in healthy conscious rabbits. Materials and methods ApprovalsThis study was approved by the Institutional Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee of Mustafa Kemal University (2011 -01 -09). ChemicalsAll chemicals were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co, and solutions were prepared fresh daily from concentrated stock solutions. Animal preparationAfter 1 week of quarantine and acclimatisation, a total of 21 healthy New Zealand rabbits of both sexes, 12-18 months old, and of 2-4 kg body weight were used. The rabbits were housed individually in stainless-steel wire mesh cages and provided with food and water ad libitum. All rabbits were