550For cogeneration thermal power plants (CHP) with combined generation of electrical and thermal energy, variations of the heat load during the year (with the change of the ambient air temperature) are typical. Clearly, this fact should be taken into account in selecting their flow diagrams and parameters.Over the last 20 years the problems of mathematical modeling and optimization of parameters of CHP plants with account for the variable operating condi tions have been discussed in works [2][3][4][5][6]. The analysis of these problems showed that for such CHP plants the following calculations should be carried out: design calculation for the operating mode with maximum loads and checking calculation for several characteris tic operating modes with various heat loads of con sumers, ambient air temperatures, and the duration of their operation. In doing so, it is possible to single out independent optimized parameters of two kinds. The parameters belonging to the first kind (design opti mized ones) determine the design characteristics of a plant. Among these are the pressures of live steam, of reheat steam under the design operation mode, etc. Parameters of the second kind (operating optimized ones) determine the operation of a plant in character istic modes (for example, steam pressure in the extrac tion line of the steam turbine). As this takes place, the change in the parameters of the first kind has an effect, through the design characteristics of components, on the operation in all modes, whereas the change in the parameters of the second kind has an influence only on the operating mode to which these parameters relate. The results of both the design calculations, on the basis of which design characteristics and invest ments are established, and of checking calculation, by means of which fuel consumption, electric power pro duction, and heat supply over the calculation based period are determined, affect the value of the goal function, with one possible criteria of the economical or energy efficiency serving as this function.In work [1] the mathematical model used for opti mizing was reduced to carrying out one detailed design calculation at maximum loads and several checking calculations at partial loads. Such approach, typical for the computer technology of the early 1990s, required excessive consumption of machine time and memory. Besides, poor convergence of the process of nonlinear optimization became evident, which was caused by application of errors occurring on solving the systems of non linear algebraic and transcendental equations of the design and checking calculations by means of iteration methods. In this connection the development of simplified methods of optimization and mathematical models became necessary.The first approach to such simplification consisted in separating the problems for optimization of design and operating parameters [2]. At the first stage the problem of optimization of a CHP plant at maximum loads must be solved. In doing so, annual fuel con sumption, electric power, and...
Calculations of dynamic processes in the elements of thermal power plants (TPP) (heat exchangers, combustion chambers, turbomachines, etc.) are necessary to justify permissible and optimal operating modes, the choice of design characteristics elements, assessing their reliability, etc. Such tasks are reduced to solving partial differential equations. At present time for such calculations are mainly used finite-difference method and finite element method. These methods are cumbersome and complex. The article proposes a method, the main idea of which is to reduce the solution of equations to solving linear programming problems (LP) is demonstrated by the example heat exchanger of periodic action. The mathematical description includes the following energy balance equations for gas and ceramics, respectively, on the plane, where - indicates the length of the heat exchanger, and - the operating time. Also provides a more complex model, taking into account the spread of heat inside the balls of the ceramic backfill.
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