Removal of bud scales hastened bud burst of several early and late blooming apple cultivars. Descaling was most effective during the onset and end of rest. During deep rest, bud scale removal was effective only when applied 2 weeks before forcing conditions. Extracts of bud scales inhibited apple bud break in vitro. Abscisic acid (ABA) may have been responsible for part or all of this bioactivity, since ABA occurred in bud scale diffusates and could replace or reinforce the bud scales in vitro. Wound-produced ethylene was not involved in the bud scale removal response.
Seasonal changes in the relationship between leaf conductance and total water potential in mature apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) shoot leaves were found to be mediated by osmotic adjustment, not changes in the total water potential–relative water content relationship. Leaves at the growing shoot tip were found to have a much higher (1.0 to 2.0 MPa) osmotic potential than mature leaves and showed no seasonal osmotic adjustment, while mature, fully expanded leaves on the same shoots did adjust osmotically. Leaf osmotic potentials differed little among exposed leaves on a shoot once fully expanded.
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