This work was aimed at creating a simple and reliable submersed biofilter for the decentralized treatment of nitrate-contaminated water. Denitrification of water was performed by the method of displacement (piston) biofiltration in specially designed U-shaped devices intended for residential use. The efficiency of biofiltration in these devices was evaluated under the conditions of their continuous service. The biofilter exhibited an essential increase in the rate of denitrification when transferring to the stationary mode. Hence, the consumer will have the opportunity of supplying big portions of nitrate-contaminated water into the biofilter in one gulp (pulse) and simultaneously getting the same amount of deeply denitrified water. This mode of biofilters exploitation prevents the clogging of the filtration bed and the channeling in it. The design of the created biofilters is rather simple. Materials with a minimum carbon footprint can be used to fabricate these devices.
The process of getting clarified denitrified water in a biofilter used combined methods of displacement (piston) biofiltration and bubble-film extraction is studied. It is shown the products of bacterial metabolism released into the water at biofiltration have surfactant properties. They can serve as collectors of the dispersed phase to achieve the desired degree of clarification of water when using bubble-film extraction. The turbidity of the resulting denitrified water does not exceed sanitary and hygienic limits. The concentration of biosurfactants is also significantly reduced.
The high content of nitrates in drinking water leads to serious diseases. The creation of biofiltering devices with the longest time of their operation between preventive flushes is extremely important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the features of the functioning of the developed U-shaped submersible denitrifying biofilter during its long-term operation in the piston filtration mode. The denitrification of water by using the method of displacement (piston) biofiltration in a submersible small U-shaped biofilter with immovable carriers of attached microflora in its filter load was studied. As a result, clogging of the pore space of the biofilter in the zone of excess bacterial nutrition is prevented and the vital activity of bacteria is maintained in places where there is no nutrient substrate. It has been shown that, due to adaptive mechanisms, denitrifying bacteria convert nitrate ions into gaseous nitrogen, consuming extracellular polymeric substances. The rate constants of the reaction of reduction of nitrates to molecular nitrogen in different zones of the biofilter under different filtration modes were determined. The activity of the microflora inside the biofilter quickly returns to its original level when a full-fledged external nutrition is resumed. The efficiency of nitrate to nitrogen conversion in the studied biofilter is 94.2±8.9%.
This work was aimed creating a simple and reliable submersed biofilter for the decentralized treatment of nitrate-contaminated water. Denitrification of water was studied by the method of displacement (piston) bio-filtration in specially designed devices intended for home application. At certain sizes of grains of bio-filtration bed and filtration flow directions in it, the change in operating mode of denitrifying biofilter from direct flow to displacement mode offers the following advantages. There is no need to maintain a continuous and slow flow of water through the biofilter. The consumers have the opportunity to feed big portions of water into the bio-filter in one gulp (pulse) and nevertheless get the same quantity of denitrified water. The design of created biofilters is simple. Assembling these bio-filters implies the use of materials with a minimum carbon footprint.
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