Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (RPW) (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the most destructive pest of palm according to dozens of literature, a lot of effort have been made since three decades up to date to solve this problem, one of newest solution raised is using nano pesticides. Imidacloprid and Chloropyrophos and their nano form were tested against 10 days-old larvae and newly emerged adults of the red palm weevil. The pesticides had toxicological and pathological effects on Rh. ferrugineus larvae and adults. The toxicity effect of nano chloropyrophos was more than others. The damage included vaculation of cytoplasm, analyzes and destroyed nuclei of the epithelial cells. The larvae were more sensitive in the total damages in comparison with adults. This investigation is the first record to the histopathological effects of nano pesticides.

Field experiments were carried out in the reclaimed land east of Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Village of Wardan, Giza Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate the impact of using nano-gels pheromone for the first time on the attraction of the RPW adults by pheromone traps compared to the control which is normal pheromone during two successive seasons in 2018 and 2019. Also, this study aimed to compare the efficacy of two types of trap, traditional trap (type 1) and dry funnel trap (type 2) in capturing of RPW adults. Results revealed that the nano gel pheromone traps attracted significantly more adults with an average of (4.26 and 3.56) adults/trap and total of (55.33 and 46.33) adults/trap compared to control with an average (2.69 and 2.46) and total of (35.00 and 32.00) adults/trap for the two seasons 2018 and 2019 respectively. Results indicated that the use of nano gel pheromone for the first time in field improved the trap catchability to RPW adults by 22.51 and 18.30% of total number of RPW adults captured throw out the two successive seasons respectively. In addition, there was no significant difference between the total numbers of RPW adults collected by the two tested type of traps over the two successive seasons. Furthermore, the sex ratio between males and females of total collected RPW adults found to be1: 1.43 and 1: 1.94 at 2018 and 2019 respectively.

The journal of Toxicology and pest control is one of the series issued twice by the Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, and is devoted to publication of original papers related to the interaction between insects and their environment. The goal of the journal is to advance the scientific understanding of mechanisms of toxicity. Emphasis will be placed on toxic effects observed at relevant exposures, which have direct impact on safety evaluation and risk assessment. The journal therefore welcomes papers on biology ranging from molecular and cell biology, biochemistry and physiology to ecology and environment, also systematic, microbiology, toxicology, hydrobiology, radiobiology and biotechnology. www.eajbs.eg.net Provided for non-commercial research and education use. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use.

Field survey study was conducted season (2017). Soybeans and weeds were weekly sampled randomly. Thrips adults were identified and counted. Detection of the virus isolate and the natural incidence was determined using; Mechanical transmission, host range, DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR. The natural incidence thrips individuals was detected depending on the SVNV% in thrips individuals and weeds hosts. Ten thrips species were associated with soybean plants in the field. The most abundant species was T. tabaci, average 256.5 average no.of individuals, followed by F. occidentalis (142.5 average no. of individuals), then N. variabilis (86.6/ average no. of individuals). Fourteen thrips species occurred on 5 legumes field crops and 41 weed plant species within soybean field. The highest average number 40.6.of individuals were recorded on Ammi majus. While the lowest one 3.3 average no. of individuals were on Urtica urens. Only 21diagnostic plant species were susceptible to infection with SVNV. G. max and Vigna radiate, were the highest percentage of infection 80% followed by V. unguilata & N. benthamiana, 75%. Egyptian isolate of Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) in this study showed a high degree of similarity and it is closely related to TSWV from Egypt (DQ479968) and TCSV from USA (KY820965) with nucleotide sequence identity of 78%. Four thrips species transmitted SVNV (F. fusca 4.0%, F. schultzei 4.3%, F. tritici 3.3% and N. variabilis 68.0% transmission). Both C. phaseoli and M. sjostedti can acquire the virus but unable to transmit it. The following species; T. tabaci, F. occidentalis, S. dorsallis and T. palmi cannot acquire or transmit SVNV. The incidence of SVNV in the field started by the end of July then increased gradualy from 12.7 to 71.3% by the end of the season. In conclusion, few thrips individuals invaded soybean crops are enough to transmit high rate of SVNV within the crop. Furthermore, several vector species are also abundant on weeds, which are the major sources of soybean viruses transmitted to the crops. This information might be important for control and reduce the incidence of SVNV infection.

Several thrips species are known to feed on soybean (Glycine max Merr.) and can cause yield reduction. Beside, the other important reason for thrips survey is to determine its role as vectors of Tospovirus in soybean. There is little information available about thrips species present on soybean crop, and their abundance in Egypt. Field survey took place at the farm of Agricultural Experiment Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza Governorate, Egypt (season 2014) to survey the different thrips species. Soybean cv. Giza 111 was sown in late May. The experimental area received all the usual agricultural practices except for any pest control measures. Thrips species associated with soybean were collected and differentiated to species. A total of 16 different thrips species was surveyed. These included 14 phytophagous and 2 predator thrips species. The most abundant species was Thrips tabaci with an average No. 226.2 individual/plant, it had two major peaks on soybean, the first peak was at late June (21.9 individual/ plant), while the second one was occurred on mid-August (38 individual/plant). Frankliniella occidentalis occupied the second rank (107.02 individual/plant, Neohydatothrips variabilis came third in that order (57.5 individual/plant) followed by, Caliothrips phaseoli, F. tritici and F. Schultzei (٤٢.١ & ٤٣.٢ ، ٥٦.٥ individual/plant respectively). N. variabilis, Caliothrips phaseoli and F. schultzei were reached their highest numbers (13.2, 19.4 & 16.3 individual/plant) by the end of the season, respectively. Generally speaking, both soybean thrips, N. variabilis and bean thrips, Caliothrips phaseoli, were recorded for the first time in the present study. Characterization and identification of both two species are presented. There were 27 weed plant species collected from soybean field. Both of T. tabaci and F. occidentalis were the most common species of soybean and associated weeds.The highest average No. of thrips species was recorded on Ammi majus L.