upheld different constitutions, while the military interventions of France (1838, 1861-1866) and the United States (1846-1848)-which led to the loss of half of Mexican territory-the independence of Texas (1836) and the establishment of a failed second empire (1864-67), aggravated the tense political and economic situation of the Aztec country (Walker 1986, 211). 1 Civil strife in both countries was responsible in part for the transatlantic migrations to Hispanic-America, while established patterns of emigration from La Montaña to the Western Hemisphere since colonial times propelled a particular Spanish migration that would transform two regions within Mexico and Spain. This article explores the transatlantic ties that were forged between the hamlet of Borleña-in northern Spain-and the city of Puebla, Mexico during the period between 1840 and 1913. 2 There were two waves of migration from the Valley of Toranzo, to southeastern Mexico that would transform both areas, thanks to the fortune Spaniards accrued in Mexico through the exploitation of haciendas and textile mills. 3
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.