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Two inorganic (zinc sulfate and zinc oxide) and three organic (zinc acetate, zinc-methionine, and zinc-lysine) zinc sources were evaluated for their effects on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. The birds were randomly assigned to one control (non-supplemented) and 15 treatment (supplemented) groups consisting of four replicates of 10 chicks each in a 5×3 factorial arrangement of treatments (five zinc sources and three supplemental zinc levels). Birds were kept in floor pens in a temperature-controlled room from 1 to 42 d of age and fed a non-supplemented basal diet (control) or the basal diet supplemented with 40, 80 or 120 mg/kg of Zn as mentioned sources. Dietary zinc source had considerable effect on feed intake in all experimental periods. Increasing Zn level from 80 to 120 mg/kg decreased the average feed intake in the growth stage (p<0.01) and also in the entire experimental period (p<0.001). Similarly, the average daily gain during the entire trial period was affected by the type of Zn source (p<0.001) and supplemental level (p<0.01). One degree of freedom contrast comparisons showed that the inclusion of organic zinc sources into the diets caused significant increases in feed intake and body gain when compared with inorganic counterparts. Except in wk 1, dietary supplementation with organic sources improved (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio; FCR values were not affected by dietary Zn source or supplementation level. Breast meat yield increased with supplemental levels of organic Zn sources; however, other carcass parameters were not affected by dietary Zn source. On the other hand, organic versus inorganic zinc supplementation caused a significant increase in liver, breast and carcass weight percentages. The present findings suggest that supplemental levels of organic Zn compounds had beneficial effects on broiler performance, and Zn requirements can be reduced using these feed supplements in poultry rations.

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In this work, we proposed new shape nanoparticles in the name of supershape nanoparticles by manipulation in the morphology of a disk nanoparticle. The electric field distribution of supershape nanoparticles were investigated at resonance wavelength of particle plasmons. The effects of dispersed medium and different sensory materials on particle plasmons were reported. The obtained results showed that there exist the multiple plasmonics modes in supershape nanoparticles. We found that the high sensitivity factor is available in the supershape nanoparticles. This study can be a base for the characterization of multiple particle plasmons in plasmonic devices for sensing applications.

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The appropriate physicochemical and sensory characteristics and the traditional elaboration process of Motal cheese resulted in a high consumer acceptability. However, different process steps could have a significant effect on these characteristics. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of pasteurization, ripening time, and ripening temperature (6 °C and 12 °C) on the physicochemical properties, sensory characteristics, and proteolysis and lipolysis phenomenon of traditional Motal cheese. The cheeses were evaluated each 15 days during 3 months of ripening process. The results showed that pasteurization and ripening temperature had a significant effect on pH, acidity, dry matter, fat, protein, and salt (p < 0.05), which were higher in pasteurized cheeses ripened at higher temperature (12 °C). Moreover, the content of these parameters increased as ripening progressed. Proteolysis and lipolysis intensity were higher in the cheeses elaborated form raw milk and ripened at 12 °C (R12), mainly due to the higher activity of enzymes and/or bacteria. As a general conclusion, the pasteurization and low-temperature ripening process allows us to have a homogeneous product and ensure the microbiological stability of the cheeses, as well as presents higher physicochemical qualities than those obtained from raw milk.

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