Over recent years, the demand for supplies of freshwater is escalating with the increasing food demand of a fast-growing population. The agriculture sector of Pakistan contributes to 26% of its GDP and employs 43% of the entire labor force. However, the currently used traditional farming methods such as flood irrigation and rotating water allocation system (Warabandi) results in excess and untimely water usage, as well as low crop yield. Internet of things (IoT) solutions based on real-time farm sensor data and intelligent decision support systems have led to many smart farming solutions, thus improving water utilization. The objective of this study was to compare and optimize water usage in a 2-acre lemon farm test site in Gadap, Karachi, for a 9-month duration, by deploying an indigenously developed IoT device and an agriculture-based decision support system (DSS). The sensor data are wirelessly collected over the cloud and a mobile application, as well as a web-based information visualization, and a DSS system makes irrigation recommendations. The DSS system is based on weather data (temperature and humidity), real time in situ sensor data from the IoT device deployed in the farm, and crop data (Kc and crop type). These data are supplied to the Penman–Monteith and crop coefficient model to make recommendations for irrigation schedules in the test site. The results show impressive water savings (~50%) combined with increased yield (35%) when compared with water usage and crop yields in a neighboring 2-acre lemon farm where traditional irrigation scheduling was employed and where harsh conditions sometimes resulted in temperatures in excess of 50 °C.
Background: Laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (TAPP) is technically demanding procedure with relatively long learning curve. Procedure is associated with operative and postoperative complications and pain, especially when performed by inexperienced surgeon. Most of the problems are associated with different anatomical environment and technical inadequacy. In order to make TAPP relatively simple with better visibility of landmarks, we used pre peritoneal infiltration of 60-100ml saline with lidocaine and epinephrine before proceeding for TAPP repair. Methods: About 60-100 ml of diluted lidocaine with epinephrine solution was injected in pre peritoneal space below arcuate line and extending to and around hernial sac. Care is taken not to inject in triangle of doom. Laparoscopic aspiration needle was used for injection after lifting peritoneum with grasper. Tumescent TAPP was performed in 35 patients (32 men, 3 women; mean age, 44.3 years). Results: With use of tumescent TAPP, it was relatively simple to identify anatomical landmarks owing to bloodless field. One of the main advantages was demonstration of procedure to residents leading to better understanding and more confident dissection while being performed under supervision. The mean operation time was 95 min. ranging from 55 to 110 minutes. Another advantage was reduced pain in early post-operative period. Conclusions: Tumescent injection before TAPP is easier and safe with advantage of clearer anatomy and reduced post-operative pain. Keywords: Tumescent TAPP, Tumescent local anesthesia, Inguinal hernia
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