Grape pomace (GP) is a source of polyphenols with powerful antioxidant capacity. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of inclusion of GP at levels of 5, 15, and 30 g/kg and alpha-tocopheryl acetate (200 mg/kg) in a corn-soybean basal diet on growth performance, protein and amino acid digestibilities; antioxidant activity of diet, serum and excreta, lipid oxidation of breast and thigh meats during refrigerated storage, and liver vitamin E concentration. Growth performance and protein and amino acid digestibilities were not affected among the different treatments. Total intake and digestibility of extractable polyphenols in the birds fed the GP diet were increased compared with birds fed supplemented and unsupplemented vitamin E diets. Antioxidant activity in vitamin E and GP diets and excreta exhibited higher scavenging free radical capacity than the control diet using 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and ferric reducing antioxidant power methods. Lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde concentration) in breast and thigh meats was lower in the birds fed the supplemented vitamin E diet than the control diet after 1, 4, and 7 d of refrigerated storage. Results showed a linear reduction of lipid oxidation in breast and thigh meats at 4 and 7 d with increasing content of GP in the diet. Oxidative stability in breast and thigh meats at 1, 4, and 7 d of storage was equivalent or less effective in GP diets compared with the vitamin E diet. A linear increase was observed in liver alpha-tocopherol concentration with increasing content of GP in the diet, but it was inferior to the supplemented vitamin E diet. In conclusion, the results showed that a dietary inclusion rate up to 30 g/kg of GP did not impair chickens growth performance and protein and amino acids digestibilities and increased antioxidant activity in diet and excreta. Grape pomace and vitamin E diets reduced the lipid oxidation of meat during refrigerated storage and increased liver alpha-tocopherol concentration, although these effects were greater, in some cases, by adding vitamin E to the diet.

A study was undertaken to examine the effects of inulin, alone or in combination with enzyme complex (primarily xylanase and beta-glucanase), on growth performance, ileal and cecal microflora, cecal short-chain fatty acids, and d-lactic acid and jejunal histomorphology of broiler chickens fed a wheat- and barley-based diet from 7 to 35 d of age. A total of 240 seven-day-old male Cobb broilers were allocated to 1 of 6 treatments, with 8 replicate pens per treatment and 5 birds per pen. The experiment consisted of a 3x2 factorial arrangement of the treatments with 3 concentrations of inulin (0, 10, or 20 g/kg of diet) and 2 concentrations of enzyme complex (0 or 100 mg/kg of diet). At the end of the experiment, 8 birds per treatment (one from each pen) were randomly chosen and slaughtered. Birds fed inulin-containing diets exhibited significantly (P=0.043) improved final BW gain. Dietary inulin had a positive and significant (P<0.002 to 0.009) effect on bifidobacteria and lactobacilli counts in both ileal and cecal contents and, to an extent, also altered the fermentation patterns in the ceca, increasing the concentration of n-butyric and d-lactic acids and the n-butyric acid:acetic acid ratio. Inulin inclusion had no effect on villus height and crypt depth or microvillus length, width, and density in the jejunum. Enzyme supplementation of the control diet and inulin-containing diets had no effect on many of the variables studied and only resulted in a decrease in crypt depth and an increase in villus height:crypt depth ratio in the jejunum.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding inulin to diets containing 2 different types of fat as energy sources on performance, blood serum metabolites, liver lipids, and fatty acids of abdominal adipose tissue and breast and thigh meat. A total of 240 one-day-old female broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 1 of 6 treatments with 8 replicates per treatment and 5 chicks per pen. The experiment consisted of a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments including 3 concentrations of inulin (0, 5, and 10 g/kg of diet) and 2 types of fat [palm oil (PO) and sunflower oil (SO)] at an inclusion rate of 90 g/kg of diet. The experimental period lasted from 1 to 34 d. Dietary fat type did not affect BW gain but impaired feed conversion (P < 0.001) in birds fed the PO diets compared with birds fed the SO diets. The diets containing PO increased abdominal fat deposition and serum lipid and glucose concentrations. Triacylglycerol contents in liver were higher in the birds fed PO diets. Dietary fat type also modified fatty acids of abdominal and i.m. fat, resulting in a higher concentration of C16:0 and C18:1n-9 and a lower concentration of C18:2n-6 in the birds fed PO diets. The addition of inulin to diets modified (P = 0.017) BW gain quadratically without affecting feed conversion. Dietary inulin decreased the total lipid concentration in liver (P = 0.003) and that of triacylglycerols and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (up to 31%) in blood serum compared with the control groups. The polyunsaturated fatty acid:saturated fatty acid ratio increased in abdominal and i.m. fat when inulin was included in the SO-containing diets. The results from the current study suggest that the addition of inulin to broiler diets has a beneficial effect on blood serum lipids by decreasing triacylglyceride concentrations The results also support the use of inulin to increase the capacity of SO for enhancing polyunsaturated fatty acid:saturated fatty acid ratio of i.m. fat in broilers.

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on growth performance, whole body and fillet chemical composition and intestinal microbiota of rainbow trouts reared under fish farming conditions. Trouts fed inulinor FOS-containing diets (5 and 10 g kg À1 ) exhibited significant (P = 0.030) body weight gain improvements compared with controls. An increase in gross energy (P = 0.044) and Ca content (P = 0.034) in the whole body of trouts was observed for prebiotic treatments. A decrease in crude protein content (P = 0.009) and a tendency to increase total lipid and gross energy contents (P = 0.090 and P = 0.069, respectively) were detected in the fillet tissue for prebiotic treatments. These results clearly indicate that inulin and FOS improved the intestinal absorption of Ca and that the increased amount was predominantly incorporated into bone tissue. Inulin reduced (P = 0.027) the intestinal population of Vibrio spp. in the distal region to such an extent that no viable counts were detected. The presence of Flavobacterium spp. was not detected in any group, and the numbers of Aeromonas spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Gram-positive bacteria were not affected (P > 0.05).

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