Background: According to the United Nations, India will become the most populated country by 2050.This will lead to further strain in social and economic life. Family planning plays a major role in bridging this rapid population growth. But unmet needs for family planning prevent women from availing this benefit. Aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of unmet needs for family planning and its associated factors among ever married women in selected villages of Anekal taluk, Karnataka.Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted during a period of two months among ever married women in selected villages of Anekal. A structured interview schedule consisting of questions about unmet needs for family planning and its determinants was administered to 133 ever married women.Results: Of the 133 study participants 127 (95.5%) were aware of at least one contraceptive method. The prevalence of unmet needs for family planning was 11.3%. Younger age (18-24 years), <5 years active years of married life, women having a single live child and who were a sole decision maker had higher unmet needs for family planning. Among the women who had unmet needs for family planning, the major reason reported was family and cultural problems.Conclusions: The unmet need for family planning was found to be 11.3% which is more than the state value of 8.8% (rural Karnataka NFHS 4). So there is a need to create increased awareness among the women in the study area regarding the importance of contraceptive measures in the family and the society.

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The boundary-layer analysis of free-convection heat transfer from a vertical cylinder with uniform heat flux at its surface is made. The transformed ordinary coupled equations form a two-parameter system (ηw and Pr). The two search type of equations is solved using an iterative scheme developed for the isothermal case. Numerical solutions obtained for parametric values of Pr and ηw indicate that the cylinders can be classified as short cylinders, long cylinders, and wires. Heat transfer correlations are presented and compared with experimental data. The results suggest that correlations for the isothermal case may be used for the present case also if a discrepancy of about 6 percent can be tolerated.

Studies on the effect of vibration of the heat-transferring surface on convective heat transfer are few and limited to natural-convection conditions. The present investigation deals with the influence of vibration on heat transfer from an electrically heated nichrome wire to parallel air streams. Air velocities ranged from 34 to 63 fps. At each air velocity, frequencies ranging from 75 to 120 cycles per second and different amplitudes were employed as vibrational variables. Both frequency and amplitude increased the heat-transfer coefficient. An increase as high as 130 per cent was obtained. The correlation of the experimental data shows that the proportional increase in heat transfer was controlled by the ratio of the mean vibrational velocity to the air-stream velocity.

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The suspension hydration of coarse-grained (0.07 m2.g-') tricalcium silicate (C,S) in relatively large amounts of water (1 g per 500 mL) was studied as a function of time (up to 48 h), temperature (lo", 25", and 40"C), and pH (8, 10, 11, 11.5, 12). The pH of the solution was maintained with dilute HCI, and both solid and solution samples were withdrawn periodically for analysis. At earliest times, the microstructure of the hydration products suggests that a fine-grained, highly conformable hydrate forms on the C,S grains as early as 2 min. Once formed, the growing hydrate layer imparts anywhere from 0.5 to 6 h of diffusion control to the dissolution reaction. The parabolic rate constants (kJ calculated for this period increase with increasing temperature and acidity of the solution. Similarly, activation energies calculated using the Arrhenius equation range from 2.0 kJ.mo1-I at pH 10 to 20.6 kJ.mol-' at pH 12. Values less than 21 kJ.mol-l are generally indicative of diffusion control in aqueous systems. Depending on the pOH of the solution, the initial calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) was observed either to persist throughout the 48-h experiments (ao,,