Original scientific paper In the past decades, several trust models have been proposed to enhance the security of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). The conventional trust models fail to express the notion of uncertainty during the establishment of trust relationships between mobile nodes. Furthermore, they lack in considering the context attributes in trust evaluation. This paper proposes a subjective logic based trust model in POR (SLT-POR) that integrates both the behavioural and context based trust in trust model. The behavioural based trust incorporates subjective logic based evidence fusion in indirect trust evaluation to explicitly represent and manage ignorance as uncertainty. The trust relationship between nodes cannot always reflect the actual relationship and consequently the executed decision from the extracted trust relationship is not always accurate. The subjective logic theory includes a dynamic base rate operator that evaluates an expectation of an opinion and handles the uncertainty in evidence collection. In context, attributes based trust measurement, the SLT-POR estimates a context based trust value using the contextual attributes of each node in the trusted positive progress set. The SLT-POR considers the battery power to include node's lifetime in the trustworthiness estimation. It assigns a weight for both behaviour and context based trust to efficiently calculate total trustworthiness of a node. The simulation results demonstrate that the packet delivery ratio of the proposed SLT-POR is high even if 50 % of total nodes are malicious and outperforms Context-Aware Security and Trust (CAST) framework. Keywords: behavioural-based trust; contextual attributes; MANETs; POR; subjective logic; trust modelNa logici zasnovan subjektivni model pouzdanosti za geografsko praćenje u pokretnim ad hoc mrežama Izvorni znanstveni članak Prošlih desetljeća predloženo je nekoliko modela pouzdanosti kao bi se povećala sigurnost mobilnih ad hoc mreža (Mobile Ad hoc Networks -MANETs). Uobičajeni modeli pouzdanosti ne uspijevaju izraziti pojam nesigurnosti tijekom uspostavljanja pouzdanih odnosa između pokretnih čvorova. Nadalje, nedostaje im uvažavanje značajki okoline u ocjeni pouzdanosti. U radu se predlaže model pouzdanosti zasnovan na subjektivnoj logici u POR (SLT-POR) koji u modelu integrira pouzdanost zasnovanu na kontekstu i onu zasnovanu na ponašanju. Pouzdanost zasnovana na ponašanju uključuje fuziju evidencije zasnovane na subjektivnoj logici u evaluaciji indirektne pouzdanosti kako bi se eksplicitno predstavilo i upravljalo neznanjem kao nesigurnošću. Odnos pouzdanosti između čvorova ne može uvijek odražavati stvarni odnos te stoga provedena odluka iz izvedenog odnosa pouzdanosti nije uvijek točna. Teorija subjektivne logike uključuje dinamičkog operatora osnovne brzine koji procjenjuje očekivanje mišljenja i bavi se nesigurnošću u skupljanju podataka. U mjerenju pouzdanost zasnovane na obilježjima konteksta, SLT-POR procjenjuje vrijednost pouzdanosti zasnovane na kontekstu uporabom kontekstualnih ob...
Position based opportunistic routing (POR) is a stateless, robust, and reliable geographic routing protocol in Mobile AdHoc NETwork (MANET). The opportunistic routing embraces broadcast property of wireless channels and utilizes it for opportunistic forwarding. Both the malicious node behavior and the backup nodes' behavior are equally treated as malicious in the existing misbehavior detection mechanisms. Hence, incorporating a general trust model in POR is not combative with routing attacks. It is necessary to determine whether the misbehavior is likely a result of malicious activity or due to the backup scenario of opportunistic forwarding. On the other hand, if context-sensitive trust information is available on every node, it ensures a fair decision making and also supports secured routing in an opportunistic approach. This work investigates the utilization of context attributes along with generic trust model to allow POR for secure and reliable data forwarding. This paper introduces context-sensitive trust for choosing the data forwarding node in POR (CPOR) to assist opportunistic routing in selecting the trusted optimal data forwarding node and to cope with both security and reliability of communications. The proposed work exercises both coarse-and fine-grained trust evaluation to strengthen the trustworthiness. The coarse-grained trust measure includes positive progress per hop and behavioral attribute of the nodes in terms of routing service. The fine-grained trust evaluation differs the opportunistic routing environment from the adverse scenarios and aids the source node such that it builds a highly trusted positive progress set using contextual attributes. The fine-grained trust evaluation deduces the ideal contextual information such as the link quality, battery energy, and the backup service to determine the accurate trust value of nodes. As a result, it involves optimal routes and enables CPOR to maintain the routing performance equal to the POR even in the presence of malicious nodes in the network. The simulation results demonstrate that the packet delivery ratio of the proposed context-aware trust model is substantially high even when 50% of the total nodes are found malicious and outperforms the trust-aware opportunistic routing protocol (TAOR).
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