L-carnitine is a nutritional supplement having fat-burning property and plays an important role in lipid metabolism, energy release, and also improve the production yield, immunity and blood constitute. This paper reviews the effects of L-carnitine on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of broilers. According to the reviewed literature, the application of L-carnitine (50-200 mg/kg) has no significant effect on the growth performance, however, using L-carnitine as much as 300-800 mg/kg resulted to an improvement in the body weight (2226.00-2575.00 g) compared to the control chicks (1998.40-2338.75 g). The feed conversion ratios of the chickens fed the same amount of L-carnitine were 1.66-1.86 kg/kg, which was improved in comparison with the control chicks (1.87-2.09 kg/kg). Abdominal fat of the broiler chickens fed 50-900 mg/kg L-carnitine was 0.98-1.75%, which is lower than the control chicks (1.79-2.16%). For immunity, the antibody titers against the Newcastle virus in the chickens fed 250 mg/kg L-carnitine was between 4.6- 5.5 which is more than control chicks (4.3-5.2). The antibody titer against the influenza virus in the chickens fed the same amount of L-carnitine was between 5.6-6.3, which was more than the control chicks (4.3-5.8). The use of 100-600 mg/kg L-carnitine could reduce triglyceride (90-104.4 mg/dL) compared to the control chicks (125-104.7 mg/dL) and also reduced the cholesterol (109-115 mg/dL) compared to the control chicks (129.25-131 mg/dL). The application of 100-600 mg/kg L-carnitine also could reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from 19.1-72.2 mg/dL to 16.5-49.0 mg/dL. However, the application of 100-900 mg/kg L-carnitine had no significant effect on the sensory characteristics of broiler chicken meat. In general, it can be concluded that L-carnitine can be used as a dietary supplement on the health of broiler chickens without any negative effect on growth performance.
The objective of the study was to ascertain the effects of the litter type and its chemical supplementation on rectum characteristics in broilers. Experiment was conducted based on a 3×3 factorial arrangement with 3 litter treatments (sand, wood shaving, and paper) and 3 chemical reagent treatments (no reagent, lime, and bentonite). From obtained results, it is showed that litter type had not significant effect on rectum weight, relative weight of rectum, rectum length, rectum width, and rectum diameter (P>0.05), although sand litter had the highest rectum weight, relative weight of rectum, and rectum width numerically. Chemical regent type also had not significant on rectum weight, relative weight of rectum, rectum length, rectum width, and rectum diameter (P>0.05), however no reagent resulted to the highest rectum weight, relative weight of rectum, rectum length, and rectum diameter numerically. Meanwhile statistical differences between nine studied treatments for weight of rectum were significant (P≤0.05) and the highest level of rectum weight belonged to treatment 1 (sand as litter and no reagent), and treatment 3 (sand as litter and lime as reagent) remained at lower level than other treatments.
Sericulture has been an important agricultural industry since 2650 BC (Seidavi et al. 2006). There are about 10 million farmers and 0.5 million related industrial workers in the world. The present capacity of silkworm eggs production in Iran is about 70000 boxes per year which are distributed among 40000 silkworm house holders. Annual cocoon production in Iran is about 6000 metric tons which is small in comparison with production in previous centuries. Silkworm breeding using selection systems can improve line and hybrid performance. Individual selection based on cocoon weight in GGP generation (great grandparent) improved GP (grandparent) and P (parent) parental line generation (Seidavi et al. 2007), but it did not consider the effects on resistance performance of hybrid generation. In this experiment, the effects of two phenotypic selections of GGP parents on vitality (percentage of survival pupae) and resistance properties in six of their hybrids (including 31×32, 32×31, 103×104, 104×103, 107×110 and 110×107) were studied.
Silkworms are agricultural insects producing silk fibres. Because of economic importance of sericulture, breeding programs are performed in order to improve bio-economic traits of lines (production and resistance traits) and also developing new lines containing interesting characteristics. Silkworms in Iran are reared twice a year, in spring and autumn. Spring is the natural rearing period of silkworms because of good environmental conditions. In autumn the quantity and quality of the cocoon produced by silkworm lines decreases due to increasing mortality and access to mulberry leaves with low nutritive quality. This decrease in performance will be lower in the lines which are genetically resistant to severe environmental conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to breed and develop new silkworm lines suitable for such a situation. It is obvious that silkworm lines having lower performance but higher resistance can be introduced for autumn season rearing. Appropriate breeding programs have to be defined and conducted for the autumn rearing lines. Thus, we have to estimate genetic parameters of autumn and spring lines separately when reared in each season. The present study was undertaken to identify heritability of important traits in the spring and autumn seasons for 6 silkworm lines.
The article presents materials on the study of effect of complex of biologically active substances "Lactumin" and "Lactusil" based on lactulose as an alternative to antibiotics in diets of young pigs on state of microflora of gastrointestinal tract and the formation of productive qualities of animals. The scientific research was carried out on basis of farm-breeding plant named after Lenin of Surovikinsky District of Volgograd Region. The level of humoral immunity was assessed according to results of bactericidal activity of blood serum obtained from results of zootechnical studies. The assessment of dynamics of live weight was carried out on the basis of control weighings and the calculation of absolute and average daily gains. Control slaughter of 5 animals from each studied group was carried out according to methodology generally of All-Russian Institute of Animal Husbandry accepted in Russia. It was found that the use of studied probiotic supplements in diets of pigs promoted a higher level of metabolic processes in their bodies, improved biochemical, morphological indicators and the level of natural resistance, and also influenced in live weight and slaughter indicators.
Salmonellosis is an infectious disease caused by Salmonella spp. that continues to plague human populations in both developed and third-world countries (Bohórquez, 2007). Conventional culture-based methods of detection that rely on enrichment of the sample and plating onto selective agar media may not be as sensitive as immunologic-or genetic-based rapid methods (Feng, 2001). PCR-based methods offer the advantages of high specificity and sensitivity. Some efforts have been made to reduce the time required and to increase the sensitivity and the accuracy of the methods to quantification of Salmonella in poultry samples (Mandrell and Wachtel 1999). This study was conducted in order to determine the relative population of Salmonella spp. in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum of chickens at different ages using densitometry.
The aim of the research was to study the feeding of grain with triticale instead of barley in the amount of 10 and 15% of the Valentin-90 variety with the introduction of the Allzyme PT enzyme preparation in mixed feed for broiler chickens. An increase in the live weight of young poultry was established by 3.6-5.4%, a decrease in feed costs per unit of production by 4.5-5.6%, an increase in the safety of livestock - by 1.0-8.0%, an output of gutted carcasses by 0.5-0.6 abs. %, gutted - by 2.9 abs. %, muscle output - by 2.7-3.7 abs. %. Thus, the studied feeding schemes for broiler chickens can be recommended for production.
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