White mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a yield-limiting disease of soybean in Brazil. Uniform fungicide trials have been conducted annually since 2009. Data from 74 cooperative field trials conducted over a 10-year period were assembled. We selected five fungicides applied two times around flowering: dimoxystrobin plus boscalid (DIMO+BOSC), carbendazim plus procymidone (CARB+PROC), fluazinam (FLUZ), fluopyram (FLUO), and procymidone (PROC). For comparison, thiophanate-methyl (TMET) applied four times was also included as a low-cost treatment. Network models were fitted to the log of white mold incidence (percentages) and log of sclerotia mass data (grams/hectare) and to the nontransformed yield data (kilograms/hectare) for each treatment, including the untreated check. Back-transformation of the meta-analytic estimates indicated that the lowest and highest mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) percent reductions in incidence and sclerotia mass were 54.2 (49.3 to 58.7) and 51.6% (43.7 to 58.3) for TMET and 83.8 (79.1 to 87.5) and 87% (81.9 to 91.6) for CARB+PROC, respectively. The overall mean (95% CI) yield responses ranged from 323 kg/ha (247.4 to 400.3) for TMET to 626 kg/ha (521.7 to 731.7) for DIMO+BOSC, but the variance was significantly reduced by a binary variable (30% threshold) describing disease incidence in the untreated check. On average, an increment of 352 kg/ha was estimated for trials where the incidence was >30% compared with the low-disease scenario. Hence, the probability of breaking even on fungicide costs for the high-disease scenario was >65% for the more effective, but more expensive fungicide (FLUZ) than TMET. For the low-disease scenario, profitability was less likely and depended more on variations in fungicide cost and soybean price.
Soybean rust in Brazil is currently controlled with several commercial fungicide premixes composed of demethylation inhibitors (EPOXiconazole, CYPRoconazole, PROThioconazole, TEBUconazole), quinone‐outside inhibitors (AZOXystrobin, TriFLoXystrobin, PYRAclostrobin, PICOxystrobin), and succinate demethylation inhibitors (BENZovindiflupyr, BIXaFen, FLUXapyroxad). Here, we summarize the performance of eight premixes evaluated in 177 cooperative trials conducted in 46 locations across 10 states from 2015 to 2020. All fungicide treatments were sprayed three times starting at R1/R2. Percentage control (trueC¯, %), from back‐transforming meta‐analytic estimates of the log of the ratio, ranged from 56.2% (PICO + CYPR) to 76.8% (BIXF + TFLX + PROT). Estimates of mean yield difference (trueD¯, kg/ha) between fungicide‐treated and untreated plots were greatest for BIXF + TFLX + PROT (1,080) followed by PICO + BENZ (1,010), PYRA + EPOX + FLUX (981.5), AZOX + BENZ (910), TFLX + PROT (891), PICO +TEBU (682), TFLX + CYPR (646), and PICO + CYPR (600). Significant declines in both trueC¯ and trueD¯ in as little as 4 years were detected for AZOX + BENZ (35.3%; 550 kg/ha) and PICO + BENZ (15.5%; 359.8 kg/ha). Variance in trueD¯ was reduced by the inclusion of baseline severity as covariate. In trials where baseline disease was ≥70%, yield was 250 kg/ha greater compared to areas with low baseline disease. Disease control and yield response were generally greater in the south‐east, where the frequency of profitable scenarios was 30% higher on average than in the north‐west. Results of this meta‐analysis are critical for supporting decisions during planning of fungicide programmes.
RESUMOO algodoeiro é uma das principais espécies cultivadas na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil e há grande utilização de fungicidas para o controle da mancha de ramulária (MR), uma doença de relevante importância econômica causada por Ramularia areola. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da integração de cultivares considerados resistentes (C) e tratamentos fungicidas (TF) no controle da MR e produtividade de algodoeiro cultivado em Chapadão do Sul, MS. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e arranjo fatorial de 3 (C) x 7 (TF). As avaliações consistiram na estimativa da área abaixo do progresso da doença total (AACPDT), na parte inferior (AACPDI) e superior (AACPDS) das plantas. Da mesma forma, estratificou-se a produtividade de algodão em caroço e o índice de micronaire nas fibras. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste F e as médias comparadas por meio do teste de Scott-Knott a 5 % de probabilidade. Houve interação significativa entre C e TF para AACPDT, AACPDI e AACPDS, menos para produtividade e índice micronaire. Constatou-se que houve: maior produtividade e severidade da mancha de ramulária na região inferior das plantas; não houve diferença de produtividade entre as cultivares; houve efeito de C e TF no índice de micronaire; e os TF não influenciaram significativamente a severidade nas cultivares FMT 705 e FMT 709, resistentes à MR. Estes resultados recomendam a integração de TF e C para o controle da MR do algodoeiro. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:controle genético, controle químico, Gossypium hirsutum, Ramularia areola, sustentabilidade. ABSTRACTCotton is one of the main species grown in the Midwest region of Brazil and there is a high use of fungicides to control Ramularia leaf spot (RLS), an important disease caused by Ramularia areola. The objective of this study was to evaluate the integration of resistant cultivars (C) and fungicides treatments (FT) in the RLS control and yield of cotton grown in Chapadão do Sul, MS, Brazil. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four replications and factorial arrangement of C (3) x FT (7). The whole plant area under the disease curve progress (AUDCP-WP) and from the lower (AUDCP-B) and upper (AUDCP-U) half of the plant were all evaluated. Likewise, cotton yield and micronaire index of the fibers were stratified. Obtained data was submitted to the F test and mean values were compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. There was a significant interaction between C and FT for AUDCP-WP, AUDCP-B and AUDCP-U but not for yield and micronaire index. Higher productivity and severity of RLS in the lower half was observed; there was no difference in productivity between cultivars; effect of C and FT in the micronaire index; and FT had no significant effect on disease severity in the resistant cultivars FMT 705 and FMT 709. These results recommend the integration of FT and C to control RLS of cotton.
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