This research aims to analyse 1) the interest of the European Union on Renewable Energy Directive; 2) the protection forms of the European Union on Renewable Energy Directive toward Indonesian Palm Oil; 3) the transformation of Indonesia palm oil managerial after of European Union Renewable Energy Directive. The result of this research shows that there is two interest of the European Union in implementing the policy of Renewable Energy Directive, that is in environment protection with simultaneous criteria and palm oil protection in European unions. It is found that trading protection towards Indonesian palm oil is a form of green protectionism. This protection then implements non-tariff protection as a form of trade barrier. It impacts palm oil exports from Indonesia to the European Union. This protection influenced the policy transformation of palm oil management in Indonesia. The policies are RSPO, ISPO, Presidential Directive on Primary Forest and Peatland, and Presidential Directive on Moratorium and Forest Land Allocation. This research proves that palm oil production in Indonesia changed after the implementation of the Renewable Energy Directive in the European Union. This improvement of palm oil production proves that the policy is influenced by the market drives and not an only environmental issue.
This research aims to portray the influence of Greenpeace’s movement in decreasing the rate of deforestation in Indonesia, using the study case of Greenpeace’s campaigns towards Nestlé. It focuses on a Greenpeace’s market campaign strategy towards Nestlé since March 2010 and on identifying its impacts. The type of research employed is descriptive analytic research, with data collecting techniques comprised of interviews and library researches. The result concludes that the Greenpeace’s market campaign strategy is identified as part of the New Social Movement. As an Environmental NGO, Greenpeace’s movement has a positive impact on the process of reducing deforestation in Indonesia. This can be seen on the transformation of Nestlé’s policy in protecting rainforests. Furthermore, Nestlé also stops buying palm oil products from any palm oil companies linked to deforestation. The impacts have been depicted by the declining number of deforestations in Indonesia within a few periods of time. This success has been also strengthened by the establishment of the Forest Moratorium, signed by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and continued by President Joko Widodo, with the support and advocacy of Greenpeace.
This research aims to portray both the environmental and social damage that took place in Chaco Forest, as well as to explain how procedures in charcoal export between Paraguay and European Market harmed the Chaco forest. The study shows that the damaging impacts caused by charcoal production in the Chaco forest are significant. The Chaco forest experienced deforestation that reduced connectivity and caused a substantial amount of land fragmentation, as well as social impacts on husbandry, farming, and the local economy, which entails eviction of the locals. Despite the negative impacts, there have been several attempts in minimizing the damage by the Paraguayan government and various stakeholders, although those attempts are seen to have a less significant effect on the solvency of the damages of the Chaco forest.
This research aims to expose the relationship between the state, fashion companies, and international non-governmental organization (INGO) in dealing with hazardous waste problem. To achieve this objective, this research exemplifies Greenpeace as leading INGO, and its relationships with Chinese government, fashion companies/brands, and global community in encountering the problem of hazardous waste polluting water environment in China, caused by massive textile industrial activities. The results expose that to deal with the problem, Chinese government has not performed enough to solve hazardous waste problem, hampered by its goal prioritizing economic development rather than water-environmental security. Meanwhile, as INGO, Greenpeace has instigated Detox campaign on fashion in 2011 as its strategy to change Chinese government, fashion companies, and global community perceptions, policies, and behaviours to be the proponent of hazardous waste reduction and elimination. In the process of implementing these strategies, Greenpeace found major obstacle to do so toward Chinese government due to its authoritarian nature of political system. Despite such impediment, it continues its advocacy upon the problem by shifting its focus to press and influence fashion companies and global community for hazardous waste reduction and elimination in China. Responding to such Greenpeace campaign, many fashion companies/brands and global community greatly welcome, participate, and take action to achieve the goals set in the campaign. Their positive response has direct impacts to drive change upon corporate policies and behaviour of textile suppliers in China in order to consecutively use and dispose more environmentally friendly materials and waste. It is expected that the continuation of fashion companies and global community’s positive response will improve water condition in China.
This study intends to expose Indonesia's national interest and foreign policy response towards the waning power of the United States (US) and the rise of China's power and dominance in Southeast Asia. It then finds that Indonesia's core national interest is to defend its offshore territorial integrity bordering to South China Sea, potentially encroached by China. Also, the policy response has been about redefining its foreign policy, moving from Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono administration's focus on centralizing ASEAN to deal with conflictual dynamics US-China relations in Southeast Asia, towards establishing a more nationalistic foreign policy approach branded as Global Maritime Fulcrum, exposing a hedging strategy that combines balancing and engagement strategy towards China. Through balancing strategy, Indonesia still maintains defensive-careful behaviour towards China's assertiveness in the region. Meanwhile, through engagement strategy, Indonesia cooperates with China through its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), expected to provide financial assistance for the realization of Global Maritime Fulcrum's infrastructure projects.
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