Anthropogenic activities impact the major ion composition of fresh water sources. The inorganic species are likely to be influenced by mineral dissolution, mineral precipitation, redox and ion-exchange reactions in the contaminated lakes. Owing to paucity of research, this study examines the influence of bio-geochemical reactions on the major ion composition of sewage contaminated Bengaluru lakes. The selected lakes represent water bodies in the major valley systems of the city that are polluted by partly treated sewage and stormwater runoffs. Hydrogeochemical facies of the lake samples showed that enrichment of Mg 2+ , Na + , Cl − and SO 4 2− ions from anthropogenic contamination altered the chemical type of the lake-water. Examination of processes influencing the major ion composition of surface waters indicated that evaporation than rock-weathering tends to influence the chemical composition of the Bengaluru lakes. Precipitation of carbonate minerals in the alkaline pH contributed to the deficiency of alkaline earth ions, while dissolution of anthropogenic gypsum enhanced the SO 4 2− ion concentration of the lakes. Solute diffusion from lake water into the pore solutions of sediments and ion-exchange reactions between monovalent ions of sediments and divalent cations in lake water are additional pathways that influence the major ion composition of the contaminated lakes. Besides alterations in major ion composition, organic contamination, biochemical reactions associated with photosynthesis activity of algae and release of toxic Al 3+ ions from mineral dissolution are consequences of the lake contamination.
This study involves a geo-electrical investigation and groundwater monitoring of crude oil loading terminal in Delta state, Nigeria. Ten Vertical Electrical soundings (VES) were carried out across the area using the Schlumberger electrode array configuration, with maximum-current electrode separation (AB/2) of 100m. Interactive computer interpretations indicate a three geo-electric layer model case for all the curves. Root mean square (RMS) errors of between 2.23 and 8.11% were achieved. The number of resistivity of layers range from 71Ωm to 306 Ωm for the first layer, while the second layer range from 19Ωm to 75Ωm and the third layer gave a range of 19Ωm to 300Ωm. Curve types and resistivity values indicated a five H type curve which confirms that there is groundwater pollution and a Q type. Inventory of soil and ground water samples were also carried out by well/borehole drilling within bund walls of the storage tank for groundwater monitoring. Field studies and laboratory analytical results showed that soils of borehole cuttings are predominantly sandy and acidic. The total suspended solid ranged from 7.9 -24.0 mg/l and iron concentrations ranged from 0.90 -2.56 mg/l, which were above the WHO recommended value for portable water.
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