The binding energies of a range of nuclei and hypernuclei with atomic number A ≤ 4 and strangeness |s| ≤ 2, including the deuteron, di-neutron, H-dibaryon, 3 He, ΛΛ He, are calculated in the limit of flavor-SU(3) symmetry at the physical strange-quark mass with quantum chromodynamics (without electromagnetic interactions). The nuclear states are extracted from Lattice QCD calculations performed with n f = 3 dynamical light quarks using an isotropic clover discretization of the quark action in three lattice volumes of spatial extent L ∼ 3.4 fm, 4.5 fm and 6.7 fm, and with a single lattice spacing b ∼ 0.145 fm.2

The two-nucleon sector is near an infrared fixed point of QCD and as a result the S-wave scattering lengths are unnaturally large compared to the effective ranges and shape parameters. It is usually assumed that a lattice QCD simulation of the two-nucleon sector will require a lattice that is much larger than the scattering lengths in order to extract quantitative information. In this paper we point out that this does not have to be the case: lattice QCD simulations on much smaller lattices will produce rigorous results for nuclear physics.One of the central goals of nuclear physics is to make rigorous predictions for both elastic and inelastic processes in multi-nucleon systems directly from QCD. The only presently-available technique to achieve this goal is lattice QCD, where space-time is discretized and QCD Green functions are evaluated in Euclidean space. Unfortunately, at present, the variety of processes that can be addressed with lattice QCD is quite limited. The currently-available computational power restricts not only the sizes of lattices that can be utilized, but also the lattice spacings and quark masses that can be simulated. Moreover, the Maiani-Testa theorem [1] precludes determination of scattering amplitudes away from kinematic thresholds from Euclidean-space Green functions at infinite volume. However, by generalizing a result from non-relativistic quantum mechanics [2] to quantum field theory, Lüscher [3,4] realized that one can access 2 → 2 scattering amplitudes from lattice simulations performed at finite volume. Significant progress has been made using this finite-volume technique to determine the low-energy ππ phase shifts directly from QCD, e.g. Ref. [5]. However, only one lattice QCD calculation of the nucleon-nucleon (NN) scattering lengths [6] has been attempted, and it was a quenched simulation with heavy pions 1 .When contemplating computing nuclear observables with lattice QCD one naively assumes that the lattice must be much larger than the systems being simulated, so that the systems on the lattice resemble those at infinite-volume. This would mean, for instance, that when computing the rate for the simplest inelastic nuclear process, np → dγ, which near threshold involves radiative capture from the 1 S 0 channel, a lattice of size L ≫ |a ( 1 S 0 ) |, |a ( 3 S 1 ) | is required, where a ( 1 S 0 ) and a ( 3 S 1 ) are the 1 S 0 and 3 S 1 NN scattering lengths, respectively. Given that a ( 1 S 0 ) = −23.714 fm, such a calculation would have to await a future in which computational power is sufficient to handle volumes of this size. Fortunately, as we will see, this argument is not correct.There is a sizable separation of length scales in nuclear physics, due to the fact that nature has chosen to be very near an infrared fixed point of QCD [8,9,10]. As a result, the scattering lengths in both S−wave channels are unnaturally-large compared to all typical strong-interaction length scales, including the range of the nuclear potential which is determined by the pion Compton wavelength. P...

The nonmesonic weak decay of ⌳ hypernuclei is studied in a shell model framework. A complete strangeness-changing weak ⌳N→NN transition potential, based on one boson exchange, is constructed by including the exchange of the pseudoscalar mesons , K, as well as the vector mesons ,, and K*, whose weak-coupling constants are obtained from soft meson theorems and SU͑6͒ w . General expressions for nucleons in arbitrary shells are obtained. The transition matrix elements include realistic ⌳N short-range correlations and NN final state interactions based on the Nijmegen baryon-baryon potential. The decay rates are found to be especially sensitive to the inclusion of the strange mesons K and K* even though the role of kaon exchange is found to be reduced with recent couplings obtained from one-loop corrections to the leading order in chiral perturbation theory. With the weak couplings used in this study the rates remain dominated by the pion-exchange mechanism since the contributions of heavier mesons either cancel each other or are suppressed by form factors and short-range correlations. The total decay rate therefore remains in agreement with present measurements. However, the partial rates which are even more sensitive to the inclusion of heavier mesons cannot be reconciled with the data. The proton asymmetry changes by 50% once heavier mesons are included and agrees with the available data. ͓S0556-2813͑97͒05807-X͔ PACS number͑s͒: 21.80.ϩa, 13.75.Ev, 25.80.Pw

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We calculate the K scattering length in fully-dynamical lattice QCD with domain-wall valence quarks on MILC lattices with rooted staggered sea-quarks at a lattice spacing of b 0:125 fm, lattice spatial size of L 2:5 fm and at pion masses of m 290, 350, 490 and 600 MeV. The lattice data, analyzed at next-to-leading order in chiral perturbation theory, allows an extraction of the full K scattering amplitude at threshold. Extrapolating to the physical point gives m a 3=2 ÿ0:0574 0:0016 0:0024 ÿ0:0058 and m a 1=2 0:1725 0:0017 0:0023 ÿ0:0156 for the I 3=2 and I 1=2 scattering lengths, respectively, where the first error is statistical and the second error is an estimate of the systematic due to truncation of the chiral expansion.

Nucleon-nucleon systems are studied with lattice quantum chromodynamics at a pion mass of mπ ∼ 450 MeV in three spatial volumes using n f = 2 + 1 flavors of light quarks. At the quark masses employed in this work, the deuteron binding energy is calculated to be B d = 14.4 +3.2 −2.6 MeV, while the dineutron is bound by Bnn = 12.5 +3.0 −5.0 MeV. Over the range of energies that are studied, the S-wave scattering phase shifts calculated in the 1 S0 and 3 S1-3 D1 channels are found to be similar to those in nature, and indicate repulsive short-range components of the interactions, consistent with phenomenological nucleon-nucleon interactions. In both channels, the phase shifts are determined at three energies that lie within the radius of convergence of the effective range expansion, allowing for constraints to be placed on the inverse scattering lengths and effective ranges. The extracted phase shifts allow for matching to nuclear effective field theories, from which low energy counterterms are extracted and issues of convergence are investigated. As part of the analysis, a detailed investigation of the single hadron sector is performed, enabling a precise determination of the violation of the Gell-Mann-Okubo mass relation.

Quarkonium-nucleus systems are composed of two interacting hadronic states without common valence quarks, which interact primarily through multi-gluon exchanges, realizing a color van der Waals force. We present lattice QCD calculations of the interactions of strange and charm quarkonia with light nuclei. Both the strangeonium-nucleus and charmonium-nucleus systems are found to be relatively deeply bound when the masses of the three light quarks are set equal to that of the physical strange quark. Extrapolation of these results to the physical light-quark masses suggests that the binding energy of charmonium to nuclear matter is B NM phys < ∼ 40 MeV.

By combining a one-meson-exchange model for the LambdaN-->nN transition in finite nuclei with an intranuclear cascade code, we have obtained nucleon-nucleon (angular and energy) coincidence distributions from the nonmesonic weak decay of (5)(Lambda)He and (12)(Lambda)C hypernuclei. Although, due to the elimination of interferences, two-nucleon coincidences are expected to give a cleaner extraction (with respect to single nucleon observables) of the ratio Gamma(n)/Gamma(p) identical with Gamma(Lambdan-->nn)/Gamma(Lambdap-->np), we show that the effect of the final state interactions is still important even when applying favorable energy and angular cuts. The agreement of our results for the ratio N(nn)/N(np) between the number of nn and np emitted pairs with preliminary KEK coincidence data allows us to conclude that Gamma(n)/Gamma(p) for (5)(Lambda)He should be small and close to the value of 0.46 predicted by our meson-exchange model.