The exponential augmentation of information and communication technologies has appreciably shifted panorama of Health Information System (HIS), drawing keen interests of the researchers to address the challenges in protecting the medical data. Digital Watermarking therefore gained wide popularity as an entrusted measure to ensure the security. Literature reports wide assortment of imaging approaches for digital watermarking; however its perspectives in the HIS have received meager attention, especially in the reversible watermarking context. This paper presents wavelet based novel reversible watermarking approach which imperceptibly embeds multiple watermarks like patient diagnosis detail, Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, doctor's digital signature and diagnostic code for image retrieval. The proposed wavelet based approach exploits the quantization function to embed multiple watermarks and uses a novel tracking key to recover the original medical image. The algorithm has been analyzed on various medical imaging modalities (MRI, CT, MRA, US images of size 512 X 512), considering various image processing attacks. Experimental results signify highest hiding capacity of 91,136 bits with PSNR of 44.52 dB. The proposed algorithm adheres to strict necessities concerning the tolerable modifications in the medical images. The technique addresses the issues related with HIS namely data integrity, authentication, confidentiality protection, efficient data management, retrieval of image and additionally fulfill tamper detection on the entire image for ensuring the integrity of the medical image.
The recent innovations in information and communication technologies have appreciably changed the panorama of health information system (HIS). These advances provide new means to process, handle, and share medical images and also augment the medical image security issues in terms of confidentiality, reliability, and integrity. Digital watermarking has emerged as new era that offers acceptable solutions to the security issues in HIS. Texture is a significant feature to detect the embedding sites in an image, which further leads to substantial improvement in the robustness. However, considering the perspective of digital watermarking, this feature has received meager attention in the reported literature. This paper exploits the texture property of an image and presents a novel hybrid texture-quantization-based approach for reversible multiple watermarking. The watermarked image quality has been accessed by peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity measure (SSIM), and universal image quality index (UIQI), and the obtained results are superior to the state-of-the-art methods. The algorithm has been evaluated on a variety of medical imaging modalities (CT, MRA, MRI, US) and robustness has been verified, considering various image processing attacks including JPEG compression. The proposed scheme offers additional security using repetitive embedding of BCH encoded watermarks and ADM encrypted ECG signal. Experimental results achieved a maximum of 22,616 bits hiding capacity with PSNR of 53.64 dB.
Recent developments in communication and information technologies have brought new challenges for easier access, storage, processing, and distribution of medical data for health information systems (HIS). In advanced medical applications including telemedicine and telediagnosis there is a need to exchange the information over an insecure network and hence protection of the confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of medical images is a vital issue. Digital watermarking has the potential to contribute important services for data authentication and copyright protection. This paper presents the discrete cosine transform (DCT)-based approach for interleaving electronic patient records (EPR) in the form of text and heart rate signal (ECG) with medical images. To improve the security, the text data and ECG signal are encrypted before interleaving in the frequency domain. Predicative coding techniques such as adaptive delta modulation (ADM) and differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) are applied for ECG signal encryption and compression. The quality of the watermarked image is assessed using peak signal-to-noise ratio and normalised mean square error. The qualitative analysis was carried out by taking opinions from the physicians and radiologist and it was found that the perceptual integrity of the medical image was preserved. The experimental results on different medical image modalities (MRI, MRA, CT) are analysed, which demonstrates the efficiency and transparency of the proposed scheme as compared to the earlier reported methods.
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