The preparation of phenyl pyridyl ketones by the action of 2‐lithiopyridine or 3‐lithiopyridine on benzoic anhydride, ethyl benzoate or benzonitrile is described: di‐pyridyl‐phenyl‐carbinols are produced by the further action of lithiopyridine on the ketones so obtained.The action of 2‐lithiopyridine on 2‐cyanopyridine or ethyl picolinate gives bis‐(pyridyl‐2) ketone; in a similar way bis‐(pyridyl‐3) ketone is prepared and some other di‐pyridyl ketones.By the action of 2‐lithiopyridine on bis‐(pyridyl‐2) ketone there is obtained tris‐(pyridyl‐2)‐carbinol; tris‐(pyridyl‐3)‐carbinol has been synthesised in a similar way.
Bis‐(pyridyl‐2) ketone has been synthesised by treating 2‐iodopyridine with magnesium in the presence of ethyl bromide and reacting the 2‐pyridylmagnesium iodide complex so obtained with ethyl picolinate. Ethyl‐bis‐(pyridyl‐2)‐carbinol and tris‐(pyridyl‐2)‐carbinol were formed as by‐products.
VAN DER VEN, AND A. P. DE JONGE. Preparation of optically active y-and 6lactones by microbiological reduction of the corresponding keto acids. Appl. Microbiol. 11:389-393. 1963.-It was found, by means of simple screening methods, that several yeasts (Saccharomyces and Candida), molds (Cladosporium), and bacteria (Sarcina) are able to reduce keto acids to hydroxy acids, which are easily converted into lactones. Chemical analysis showed that some of the microorganisms (Saccharomyces and Candida) produce dextrorotatory lactones and others (Cladosporium and Sarcina) produce levorotatory lactones. High yields of dextrorotatory (both y-and 6-lactones) were obtained by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The physical properties of the carefully distilled lactones obtained indicated high purity and high optical purity.
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