The interest in performing vascular interventions under magnetic resonance (MR) guidance has initiated the evaluation of the potential hazard of long conductive wires and catheters. The objective of this work is to present a simple analytical approach to address this concern and to demonstrate the agreement with experimental results. The first hypothesis is that a long conductive structure couples with the electric field of the radio frequency (RF) transmit coil. The second hypothesis is that this coupling induces high voltages near the wire ends. These voltages can cause tissue heating due to induced currents. The experimental results show an increase in coupling when moving a guide wire toward the wall of an RF transmit coil, documented with a temperature increase of a saline solution in close proximity to the tip of the guide wire. The coupling of the wire not only presents a potential hazard to the patient, but also interferes with the visualization of the wire. A safe alternative would be the use of nonconducting guide wires. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:105–114. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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A research-type 4 T whole-body magnet, built by Siemens AG, Erlangen, FRG, was used to investigate magnetic resonance at high field strengths. Designs for head and body coils operating at 170 MHz are described. Proton images of the human head and body are degraded by dielectric resonances and penetration effects. The nature of the dielectric resonances was demonstrated in phantoms containing distilled and saline doped water. Radiation damping at 170 MHz generates secondary echoes after a spin echo sequence. This effect was observed in phantoms and with reduced amplitude in the human head. Hydrogen spectra of the human head were selected utilizing stimulated and spin echoes. The latter technique allows the volume size to be reduced to 1 cm3. Examples of brain tumors that have been routinely investigated with volumes of 8 cm3 are given. Natural abundance carbon and phosphorus spectra of muscle and liver demonstrate the expected increase in spectral resolution and signal to noise ratio. Carbon spectra from the liver show the glycogen signal. Fluorine spectroscopy was used to study the time course of the absorption and emptying of a fluorinated antibiotic from the human stomach.

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In 2D Fourier imaging the normal Carr-Purcell multiple-echo sequence generally leads to center line and mirror artifacts caused by imperfect rotations by the rf pulses. We describe a method to avoid these distortions using a phase alternating-phase shift (PHAPS) sequence which also allows multiple-slice and multiple-echo imaging at the same time. Measuring phantoms with calibrated T2 values, we have shown that the PHAPS imaging sequence leads to an accuracy of quantitative T2 determinations of better than 10%. Contrast-enhanced images are presented which we calculated from multiple-echo images and extrapolated to arbitrary echotimes, including negative ones. We believe that these improvements in T2 imaging will result in a significant reduction of patient investigation time in magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective of this study is the integration of a multiantenna applicator for part-body hyperthermia (BSD 2000/3D) in a 1.5 T MR-tomograph (Siemens Magnetom Symphony) in order to perform noninvasive MR monitoring in real time to increase safety and effectiveness of heat treatments. The positioning unit is mechanically coupled to the MR gantry from the back side and the body coil is utilised for imaging. For that purpose, the hyperthermia antenna system (100 MHz, 1.500 W) and the MR receiver (63.9 MHs) have to be decoupled in terms of high frequency (filter) and electromagnetically (emc). The processing of MR data sets is performed in a hyperthermia planning system. A simultaneous operation of radiofrequency hyperthermia and MR system is possible at clinically relevant power levels. MR imaging is used for tumor-diagnostics (standard spin echo sequences), for hyperthermia planning (T1-weighted gradient echo sequences in equal- and opposed-phase techniques), and for temperature measurements according to the proton resonance frequency method (PRF method, phase evaluation registration using a gradient echo sequence with long echo time). In 33 patients with advanced pelvic and abdominal tumors we performed 150 heat sessions under MR monitoring. For 70% of these patients a visualisation of temperature sensitive data during treatment was possible. The evaluated difference images represent a superposition of real temperature -increase and a (temperature-induced) perfusion elevation. The -hybrid approach renders development of part body hyperthermia possible as an MR-controlled intervention in radiology.

The authors designed a multichannel system for noninvasive measurement of the extremely weak magnetic fields generated by the brain and the heart. It uses a flat array of 37 superconducting magnetic field-sensing coils connected to sophisticated superconducting quantum interference devices. To prevent interference from external electromagnetic fields, the system is operated inside a shielded room. Complete sets of coherent data, even from spontaneous events, can be recorded. System performance was evaluated with phantom measurements and evoked-response studies. A spatial resolution of a few millimeters and a temporal resolution of a millisecond were obtained. First results in patients with partial epilepsy and investigations of the cardiac conductive pathway indicate that biomagnetism is now ready for a systematic clinical evaluation. Interpretation of measurements was facilitated by highlighting biomagnetically localized electrical activity in three-dimensional digital magnetic resonance images.

Intraoperative low-field MRI provides valuable information for surgical decision making that is predominantly related to detection of residual tumor and the exclusion of complications. The benefits of this technology surpass the time cost associated with its implementation when using proper imaging strategies.