A survey was conducted in Moro Local Government Area of Kwara State in 2012 by administering structured questionnaire to 30 farmers each from 5 villages in the Local Government. The aim was to determine the quality of extension service in Moro Local Government Area with a view to improving it. Results show that most of the farmers (28.2%) are in the age group of 21 to 30 years. A greater percentage of the farmers (53.3%) are subsistence farmers cultivating between 1 to 2 hectares (ha) of land. Although, extension services were provided long time ago (71.1%), mainly by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and needs assessment were not conducted first before transferring innovations (63.9%), the quality of extension service was good (51.2%) and has resulted in improved skills (89.3%) and productivity of the farmers. However, it was recommended that there is need to further improve extension service in the Local Government to ensure the achievement of the desired objectives.
Introduction: The study examined the relationship between budgeting/budgetary control system and institutional effectiveness in Universities in Kwara State, Nigeria. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of budget committee, budget implementation, value for money check and internal audit check on institutional effectiveness in universities in Kwara State. Methodology: Two researchers' questionnaires were designed to collect data from sampled respondents; they were 'Budgeting/Budgetary control System Questionnaire (BBCSQ)' and 'Institutional Effectiveness Questionnaire (IEQ)'. The instruments were validated by two experts to ascertain the content validity while the reliability of the instruments was determined using Cronbach Alpha statistics, thus, the reliability coefficients were found to be 0.83 and 0.76 respectively. Four universities were randomly sampled out of the six accredited universities in Kwara State. The selection represented 67% of the total population. The respondents were the staff of the bursary department of the sampled universities and 110 respondents were determined out of the 290 targeted population using proportional sampling technique. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 at 0.05 level of significant using PPMC while descriptive statistics of means and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions raised in the study. Results: The result of the study revealed that there was a significant relationship between budgeting/budgetary control system and institutional effectiveness in Universities in Kwara State (r. value=.578> t. value=.000). Recommendations: It was recommended among others that budget committee should be composed of experienced and well versatile members in the field of accounting and finance to enhance their performance and overall effectiveness in the system.
Critical analysis of published works shows that there is no evidence that any Diel- Alder reactions took place in a synchronous manner. The Diel-Alder reactions is a 4+2 cyclo addition of conjugated dienes and dinophiles which represents some mechanistic surprises of endo and exo products/isomers. Kinetically, endo product is more preffered to exo isomer because of its low activation energy. Therefore this experiment is carried out to support Diel-Alder exo-configuration product. The preparation of exo-cis-3,6- endoxotetrahydrophthalic anhydride (16.9g, 44.86%) with melting point 116.80c – 120.50c with IR 1781,1857 recorded on perkin elmer spectrum, Bx-FT IR system using KBr disk and 1Hr NMR(500MHz CDC13) using the Reichert Thermovar hot stage melting point apparatus by the reaction of furan(25g, 0.368mol) and maleic anhydride (22g, 0.224 mol) in diethylether. Preparation of bromolactonic acid and pseudo ester were also discussed. It was found out that the Diel-Alder product is exo-configuration as the literature of melting point of their exo-adduct is 1140c and for this experiment is 116.80c. Also, NMR spectrum of this experiment shows a signal for most proton and its absorption which is a proof. The IR spectrum shows that most functional groups behave as expected. It is then concluded that the product of this experiment is exo- isomer/product which is more thermodynamically stable as Diel- Alder exo-product indicated by the melting point and still remains significant and a major product.
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