Summaryobjective To test the hypothesis that artesunate plus amodiaquine (ASAQ) is as effective as artemether-lumefantrine (AL) in the treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria in Nigerian children.methods In an open label, randomized controlled clinical trial, children aged 6 months to 10 years were randomized to receive artesunate (4 mg ⁄ kg daily) plus amodiaquine (10 mg ⁄ kg daily) or AL (5-14 kg, one tablet; 15-24 kg, two tablets and 25-34 kg, three tablets twice daily). Both drug regimens were given for 3 days and follow-up was for 28 days.results A total of 132 children (66 in each group) were randomized to receive either ASAQ or AL. Day 28 cure rates in the per protocol (PP) population were 93% for ASAQ and 95% for AL (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.12-3.99, q = 0.66). Using Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimates of failure, the median survival time for ASAQ was 21 days and for AL 28 days (P = 0.294). PCR corrected day 28 cure rate for PP populations were 98.4% for ASAQ and 100% for AL. Both drugs were well-tolerated.conclusion ASAQ is as effective as AL and both combinations were efficacious and safe.