Summary. The necropsy reports of 294 cases of anencephaly and 50 cases of iniencephaly have been examined, and a tabulated list of associated malformations produced. Cases were divided by sex and the presence or absence of spina bifida. Forty-one per cent of the series had other malformations, and other malformations were more common in those cases with spina bifida than in those without. 263A study of diaphragmatic hernia (David and Illingworth, 1976) showed a strong association between diaphragmatic hernia and both anencephaly and iniencephaly. An interest in the reverse association prompted the present study, a simple systematic review of malformations in patients with anencephaly or iniencephaly. Subjects and methodsThe cases were all born in the Bristol region, and were ascertained through the necropsy diagnostic index compiled by Dr N. J. Brown, consultant pathologist, at Southmead Hospital. The necropsy records of all cases listed under the headings of anencephaly and iniencephaly from 1948 to 1975 were studied. Four cases of anencephaly were excluded because a full necropsy had not in fact been performed, leaving 294 cases of anencephaly and 50 cases of iniencephaly. ResultsThe associated malformations are given in the Table, with the cases subdivided by sex and by the presence or absence of spina bifida. The following were not included as malformations: changes in the size of the adrenals, the thymus, the thyroid or the pituitary; club foot; hypoplasia of the lungs; high arched palate.The seven 'genital' defects were: hypospadias with penile hypoplasia (1); hypoplastic penis (2); very hypoplastic testes (1); absent left Fallopian on 28 April 2019 by guest. Protected by copyright.
General sensory innervation of the mandibular gingiva by branches of the mandibular nerve (CN V‐3) is well documented. However, general sensory branches from the lingual nerve that traverse the submandibular gland have not been well documented. Therefore, using a combination of macroscopic dissection, MicroScribe 3DX, and Sihler's nerve stain, data was gathered as to which branches of the lingual nerve traverse the submandibular gland on route to innervating the mandibular gingiva. In 30 dissected specimens, the lingual nerve enters the oral cavity near the postero‐lateral surface of the tongue and sends posterior branches into the lingual mandibular gingiva, posterior and medial to the third molars. Other small branches innervate the sublingual gland and the tongue. Anterior nerve branches emerging from the sublingual gland innervate the lingual mandibular gingiva. Altogether, there are an average of 2.62 branches to the mandibular gingiva. The data demonstrated lingual nerve branches that are not presently documented in atlases, and journals. A continuation to collect specimens will allow for a greater amount of information regarding the number of branches from the parent lingual nerve innervating the mandibular gingiva, along with the consistency of how many nervous branches are found. This information could be helpful to dentists in performing local anesthetic blocks.
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