This article discusses legal and economic issues in the higher education and tourism industry in the context of Kazakhstan. The study revealed that the creation of international university campuses in the Turkestan region can enable to develop a local tourism and become an attractive tourist destination and international educational hub in Central Asia. It is suggested to establish these campuses in partnership with the world's leading universities based on the experience of Nazarbayev University. There is a great chance to attract international students and tourists as well as establish Kazakhstan's Silicon Valley. To create endowment funds and ensure the financial independence of universities, it is proposed to pass a special land granting law enabling regions to allocate land plots to universities on a gratuitous basis, as seen in practice in the USA. Additionally, it was concluded that this region in geographical, territorial, climatic terms as well as the historical role of Turkestan are very favourable for the development of international tourism. The research was conducted based on the documentary analysis method and secondary data analysis. Legal acts and state programs and acts launched by the government in higher education, tourism, and hospitality industries were collected from the official websites of state bodies and analyzed.
Financial literacy is an extremely complex and complex subject that can never be captured. It is always necessary to focus on a certain part and examine it. Measuring financial literacy aims at targeting a particular group or the whole population, and the questions asked must match that. Current measurements are very demanding not only in terms of time and financially, but also the need to carry out these measurements correctly and to address the issues in question.The issue of financial literacy is a very broad term that has to be analyzed in some way to answer research questions. From the changes that affect and even deepen financial literacy, it can be assumed that financial literacy will be increasingly considered. This is already recognized by both global organizations and state representatives, and together, they are trying to prevent bad consequences and actively prevent people from having to deal with these bad consequences due to low financial literacy.This thesis based on analyses of literature review illustrates and aims to define financial literacy, ways of its measurement, and identification of influencing factors. The results also describe how current ways of measurement and evaluate if those can define them sufficiently.
Biofuels are viewed as a possible fuel of the future. Concerning energy for cars there is intense “competition” stemming from electricity and rising in popularity due to modern research is also hydrogen. In general, biofuels are nowadays strongly supported in the European Union as well as in the United States of America and many other regions of the world. Active management in the oil and gas industry needs to take in account knowledge not only about fossil fuels but also various types of alternative fuels like biofuels. This thesis goal is to analyze the economics of producing Bio-Crude oil from a plant called Jatrophae curcadis, (or also known as “purging nut”). It is nowadays growing around subtropical regions of the North American continent, especially in Mexico, and southern Asia, and with lower yield can grow even in arid wastelands of Central Asia (in arid Mali it is grown to hold wildlife from plants). It is the very undemanding plant so the biofuel produced from it can be very cheap compared to other biofuels. The oil produced from this plant is not being traded on commodities markets yet but is viewed as biofuel of the future as currently sold soybean oil and palm oil are according to my analysis more expensive in many areas of the world. Production of the plant seeds (nuts) when pressed leads to bio-crude oil which can be processed to biocrude. Economic analysis showed that given irrigation and good genetic selection of the plants to give higher production of seeds (price of the kg would be determining factor), the biocrude produced from the seeds has the potential to successfully compete with alternative fuels made from soybean or palm oils.
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