This
work summarizes the results of multiple experiments performed
in the LUKOIL Neftohim Burgas Research Laboratory related to the issue
of high values of hot filtration test (HFT) of the residue H-Oil hydrocracking
residual oil products. After the start-up of the new residue H-Oil
hydrocracker in the LUKOIL Neftohim Burgas refinery during the second
half of 2015 the values of the HFT of the vacuum tower bottom product
varied between 0.01 and 8.7%. It was found that the vacuum residual
oil feed source has a profound effect on the processes of sedimentation
in the H-Oil hydrocracker. The processing of vacuum residual oils
from Arab medium, Arab heavy, and Basrah light crudes reduced the
sedimentation and allowed achievement of a higher conversion. The
H/C ratios of asphaltenes from all studied feeds decreased after hydrocracking.
However, the decrease of the H/C ratio was the least pronounced with
the Basra light asphaltenes, while the H/C ratios of asphaltenes
from the vacuum residual oils originating from the crudes Urals and
El Bouri became much lower. The maltene fraction H/C ratio could become
lower, the same, or higher after hydrocracking depending on the feed
source, catalyst metal (vanadium) loading, or the hydrocracking unit
(commercial, pilot plant, or laboratory unit). It was found that after
addition of high aromatic fluid catalytic cracking gas oils the H-Oil
residue HFT dropped and the dependence of the residue HFT on the concentration
of FCC gas oils in the blend could be approximated by a third order
polynomial. Correlations were developed to predict the H-Oil based
residual fuel oil HFT from information on the base H-Oil residue HFT
and the amount of added fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gas oil. The
treatment of the H-Oil residual oils with commercial HFT reducers
may decrease the residual oil HFT. However, the efficiency in HFT
reduction turned out to depend on the nature of the H-Oil residue
and on the concentration range of the HFT reducing additive. From
all studied additives solely the dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA)
was capable of reducing the H-Oil residual oil below 0.1%. However,
the treatment rate of the DBSA was an order higher than that of the
commercial additives A, B, and C. DBSA was an order of magnitude more
effective in the reduction of the total sediment existent, and the
total sediment potential than the FCC HCO.
First experimental results are presented for a coherent phenomenon in reÑection of radiation by a mirror with a concave round surface. It consists of interference fringes which arise owing to the interaction of rays undergoing di †erent numbers of reÑections on the mirror. An analytical theory of the phenomenon is given in the frame of a geometrical optics approach in a small angle approximation. The experimentally measured interference fringes for the visual light of a NeÈHe laser reÑected by the round part of the mirror are in qualitative coincidence with the results of accurate computer calculations performed in the frame of a geometrical optics approach.
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