Vegetable oil-based fuels are promising alternative fuels for diesel and light fuel engines because of their environmental and economic strategic advantages. In this study, Ongokea gore oil (OGO) and its fully hydrogenated oil were transesterified by means of ethanol in the presence of sodium ethoxide. Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) products were confirmed by 1 H NMR and characterized by physical-chemical methods in accordance with the ASTM D 6751 and AFNOR M 15-009 specifications for biodiesels and light biofuels. These methods concern determination of color, density, viscosity, flash and pour points, ash, water and sulfur contents, and corrosion on copper. It was found that pure fatty acid ethyl esters of Ongokea gore oil (B100) and its hydrogenated oil (B100-H) meet standard requirements for most of the biodiesel characteristics studied. Only the kinematic viscosity and density values were outside recommended biodiesel standard limits which makes them unsuitable for use in diesel engines. In accordance with the AFNOR M 15-009 specifications of light fuels, they can be used in light fuel engines. Physical-chemical properties of B20, a FAEE blend in petrodiesel, are within the limits prescribed for petrodiesel standards. In brief, Ongokea gore seeds, a nonedible and high-oil-producing feedstock, are suitable starting material for production of light biofuel. The latter blends in petrodiesel can be used as fuel in diesel engines.
Background: Malaria continues to be a major public health problem in Malawi and the greatest load of mortality and morbidity occurs in children five years and under. However, there is no information yet regarding trends and predictions of malaria incidence in children five years and under at district hospital level, particularly at Nsanje district hospital. Aim: Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the trends of malaria morbidity and mortality in order to design appropriate interventions on the best approach to contain the disease in the near future. Methodology: Trend analysis of malaria morbidity and mortality together with time series analysis using the SARIMA (Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) model was used to predict malaria incidence in Nsanje district. Results: The SARIMA model used malaria cases from 2015 to 2019 and created the best model to forecast the malaria cases in Nsanje from 2020 to 2022. An SARIMA (0, 1, 2) (0,1,1)12 was suitable for forecasting the incidence of malaria for Nsanje. Conclusion: The mortality and morbidity trend showed that malaria cases were growing at a fluctuating rate at Nsanje district hospital. The relative errors between the actual values and predicted values indicated that the predicted values matched the actual values well. Therefore, the model proved that it was adequate to forecast monthly malaria cases and it had a good fit, hence, was appropriate for this study
As the oils used for biodiesel production face food competition, many scientific research is now focusing on the upgrading of non-conventional oils, which are not edibles. This study consisted in revalorizing of Congolese nonedible Afzelia bella seeds oil as raw materials for the biodiesel production. Afzelia bella seeds oil was extracted with oil yield of 26.38±0.22% and subsequently transesterified by alkali-catalyst using methanol with KOH as catalyst. The maximum yield of the obtained Diacetylenic Light Fuel Oil was 96.53% and FTIR spectroscopy showed the presence of fatty acid methyl esters in the produced biodiesel. The FTIR spectrum of Diacetylenic Light Fuel Oil revealed the following characteristics functional groups: Carbonyl group stretching (C=O), Methyl asymmetric bending (CH3) and Methoxy group stretching (O-CH3) with the peaks at 1743.94, 1436.11 and 1197.38 cm-1, respectively. Physicochemical properties (Kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, Cetane number, cloud point, pour point, water contents, ash and sulfur contents) values of Biodiesel (B100), and biodiesel blend in Gasoil (B50 and B20), were within the range of values set by the international standards specifications of diesel and biodiesel (American Society of Testing Materials and European Standard). Thus, these three produced biodiesels (B100, B50 and B20) from the Congolese Afzelia bella seeds oil could be used as a substitute for diesel without damaging the engine.
Aims: To extract the bitter content of Carapa procera oil and to evaluate the antimalarial activity of its bitter content. Study Design: Experimental research. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry (University of Kinshasa) and National Institute for Biomedical Research, between December 2016 and June 2018. Methodology: The seeds of C. procera were collected in the Kwilu region (Democratic Republic of Congo). A standardized method of Soxhlet was used for the extraction and determination of the oil content. The bitter content of C. procera oil was removed by liquid-liquid extraction. Organoleptic sensory analyzes have used a test of the effectiveness of debittering. The in vitro antimalarial activity of bitter content, extracts, crude oil and the debittered oil on Plasmodium falciparum were evaluated according to the method of maturation test of trophozoites into schizonts. Results: Quality indexes such as acid values (12.72 and 2.72 mg KOH/g), saponification values (190.36 and 193.12 mg KOH/g), peroxide values (5.26 and 19.66 meq O2/Kg), and iodine values (69.09 and 68.63 g I2/100 g) was determined for crude oil and debittered oil respective antimalarial activity was evaluated. Crude oil and bitter content showed respectively significant antimalarial activity with IC50 values of 3.44 and 0.30 µg/mL. Conclusion: The elimination of the bitter content does not affect the quality of C. procera oil. These results were, for the most part, in accordance with the codex alimentarius for edible oils. Concerning the antimalarial activity, according to RITAM, C. procera crude oil could present probable antimalarial activity against P. falciparum (3.44 μg/mL), low value compared to that of the bitter content.
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