Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a member of the growing family of neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors playing important roles during neuronal development and protection against different types of injuries, such as Parkinson's disease, excitotoxicity, and ischemia. As shown with other neuronal tissues, we provide evidence that PACAP is protective in the retina against toxic injury induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) in vivo. The need for characterization of its fragments and analogues has recently been emphasized. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of the physiologically occurring fragments PACAP1-38 and 1-27 and the widely used antagonists (PACAP6-38 and 6-27) in retinal degeneration induced by MSG in neonatal pups. Histological analysis showed that MSG treatment caused the degeneration of the entire inner plexiform layer and the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers seemed fused. The total thickness of the retina was significantly reduced. Similar and substantial protective effects could be observed after three treatments with PACAP1-38 and 1-27, while MSG toxicity was further aggravated by the PACAP antagonists PACAP6-38 and 6-27. Glutamate-induced toxicity is known to play a role in several retinal pathologies. Our results provide further evidence for the effectiveness of the endogenously present PACAP forms in counteracting retinotoxicity and call for further studies leading to the discovery of potent analogues that could be used in human ophthalmic diseases.
Háttér és célkitűzések: a tanulásban akadályozott fiatalok jövőképének vizsgálata ritkán kerül a kutatások fókuszába (Mártonfi, 2011; Móré és Mező, 2016), holott a sikeres, boldog élet alapja, hogy mindenki a saját céljainak megfelelően tudja megvalósítani önmagát. Jelen tanulmány a tanulásban akadályozott fiatalok jövőképével foglalkozik, célunk, annak megismerése, hogy a tanulásban akadályozott fiataloknak milyen életcéljaik illetve kilátásaik vannak az életre vonatkozóan. Módszer: vizsgálatunkban szakiskolába járó tanulásban akadályozott fiatalok (N=46), valamint az őket oktató szakiskolában tanító pedagógusok (N=76) kérdőíves megkérdezésére került sor, a válaszokat SPSS program használatával értékeltük, leíró statisztika, valamint Spearman’s-féle rangkorreláció alkalmazásával. Eredmények: A szakiskolába járó tanulásban akadályozott fiatalok életcéljai között a boldog élet (rs =0,43), a siker (rs =0,45), és a munka (rs =0,45) szerepel, a családalapítás ebben az életkorban háttérbe szorul. A fiatalok életcéljai és a továbbtanulás között nincs szoros összefüggés. A szakiskolába járó tanulásban akadályozott fiatalokat oktató pedagógusok véleménye alapján a szakma elsajátításának sikeressége és a munkaerő-piacon való helytállás között nincs szignifikáns kapcsolat. Életkilátásként viszont a pedagógusok egy része elképzelhetőnek tartja a családalapítást a tanulásban akadályozott fiatalok esetében is.
The application of enzyme-based therapies has received significant attention in modern drug development. Lipases are one of the most versatile enzymes that can be used as therapeutic agents in basic skin care and medical treatment related to excessive sebum production, acne, and inflammation. The traditional formulations available for skin treatment, such as creams, ointments or gels, are widely applied; however, their use is not always accompanied by good drug penetration properties, stability, or patient adherence. Nanoformulated drugs offer the possibility of combining enzymatic and small molecule formulations, making them a new and exciting alternative in this field. In this study polymeric nanofibrous matrices made of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polylactic acid were developed, entrapping lipases from Candida rugosa and Rizomucor miehei and antibiotic compound nadifloxacin. The effect of the type of polymers and lipases were investigated, and the nanofiber formation process was optimized to provide a promising alternative in topical treatment. Our experiments have shown that entrapment by electrospinning induced two orders of magnitude increase in the specific enzyme activity of lipases. Permeability investigations indicated that all lipase-loaded nanofibrous masks were capable of delivering nadifloxacin to the human epidermis, confirming the viability of electrospinning as a formulation method for topical skin medications.
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