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The presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in the breast milk of nursing Sudanese mothers was investigated using AOAC official method 980.21 as the extraction method and HPLC with fluorescence detector for separation and detection. Following informed consent, 94 breast milk samples of mothers were collected, and 51 samples were found to be positive for AFM1, with an average concentration of 0.401 ± 0.525 ng g(-1) and a maximum level of 2.561 ng g(-1). The volunteers completed a questionnaire concerning their dietary preferences. The data collected suggest that peanut butter, vegetable oils and rice are the main sources responsible for the AFM1 burden in breast milk. The toxin levels are alarmingly high, and indicate that Sudanese infants are exposed to high levels of AFM1. A wide range of harmful effects, and consequently health problems, can be expected due AFM1 toxicity.

Ba-loaded ZnO nanoparticles (Ba/ZnO) were obtained by the co-precipitation process and employed as a sorbent for Congo Red (C 32 H 22 N 6 Na 2 O 6 S 2 ) dye (CR). Physicochemical parameters such as particle size, pH, and contact time were checked to characterize the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ba/ZnO NPs for CR (1614.26 mg/g) proves its potential utility in the elimination of CR dye from wastewater. The adsorption mechanism was studied via infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The geometrical parameters and electronic properties of the CR-Ba/ZnO complex, particularly the interaction energy, the density of states, and the charge transfer, highlighted the Ba-ion mediation in the chemical bond formation between CR and the surface. The interaction between CR and Ba-doped ZnO has found to show strong chemisorption with charge transfer between the SO 3 − group and adsorbed Ba 2+ ion on the surface.

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