Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the implementation of building information modelling (BIM) concepts of the various processes involved in building surveying practice can lead to a reduction in waste. In turn leading to a synergy between BIM functionalities and lean production concepts. Design/methodology/approach To verify and validate the existence of this synergy between the two methods in building surveying, evidences were gathered from previous literature that supports these interactions. Next, a questionnaire was conducted for the purpose of identifying new interactions and providing further evidence to support existing interactions. Finally, based on the findings from previous literature and the results of the questionnaire, an interaction matrix was constructed linking the two concepts with the relevant evidence found. Findings The results of the questionnaire show that the BIM functionality with the highest interactions, maintenance of information integrity, had a high correlation with the reduction of variability, cycle time, batch size and promoting standardization of value flow. 4 D model-based scheduling, the second highest functionality, showed a high correlation with the reduction of variability, cycle time, batch size and an increase in the use of visual management. Finally, the results of the interaction matrix between the two concepts showed that the BIM functionalities with the most interactions were maintenance of information integrity, visualization of form and the automated generation of models and documents. The lean principles with the most interactions were reducing variability, cycle time, batch size as well as “enables visual management”. While most of these interactions were positive, negative interactions were also observed. These negative interactions were due to the fact that the level of competency and knowledge in BIM for building surveyors is at reduced levels which can lead to increased human errors. Originality/value The significance of this study is to provide the basis for building surveying organizations who wish to implement BIM and how this would lead to a synergy between BIM functionalities and lean principles. Both positive and negative interactions were considered to provide these organizations with different options for waste elimination.
Empirical expressions for estimating live load bending moments are typically specified in AASHTO bridge codes. This paper will evaluate the reliability levels that are inherent in the simplified empirical equations in the AASHTO LRFD to design concrete slab bridges. Typical one-span, multilane, straight bridges, with various span lengths are modeled using finite element analysis (FEA) and subjected to AASHTO live loads. FEA results are compared with LRFD moments to quantify biases that might result from the simplifying assumptions in AASHTO. The reliability index  for bridge cases using AASHTO procedures and FEA results were quantified. The results of this analysis showed that current live load factors in AASHTO LRFD procedures were below the required levels of reliability index ( < 3.5) for one-lane bridges, and those indices were higher for multilane bridges, yet did not reach the required level, thus proposing to increase the AASHTO live load factors.
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