Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. However, in Pakistan, in the absence of a national cancer registry, it is difficult to predict the current status of cancer incidence. Therefore, a need was felt to design a study that can give a depiction of the prevalence of common cancer types and their relevance to the local population in the absence of a proper cancer registry system. In view of this, data was collected from 2010 to 2016 for breast, prostate, head and neck, cervical and colorectal cancer from the cancer hospitals and centres located all over Punjab, Pakistan. All the data were analysed to calculate prevalence percentage, gender-based incidence rate, crude rate, and Age-specific rate (ASR) for each cancer type. The results showed that breast cancer was the most common type and its prevalence showed a linear increase through the study period (P < 0.001). Breast cancer (6561) was followed by prostate (1183), head and neck (833), cervical (697) and colorectal cancer (531) in terms of prevalence. Gender-specific cancers like breast, prostate, and cervical were found to be more common as compared to others. In the case of head and neck and colorectal cancers, males were more susceptible as compared to females. There is a radical increase in cancer cases in the study area and the same could be extrapolated to the whole country. Therefore, for the appropriate and focused efforts to combat this increasing trend of prevalence, it should be constantly monitored, which leads to the recommendation of an effective cancer registry system in the country.
Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the commonest cancer in Sri Lanka representing 24% of all male cancers. Traditionally risk factors included smoking and betel chewing, however HPV is now considered an important causative agent for oral cancers.HPV association in oral cancers has not been studied in Sri Lanka. This study investigates the HPV association in Sri Lankan patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with three years of follow-up data. Eligible patients had oral cavity or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and were treated with chemoradiotherapy at the National Cancer Institute, Sri Lanka between April 2012 and March 2013. Real time PCR was performed on peripheral blood for the detection of HPV DNA prior to the chemoradiotherapy. Results: 69 patients were eligible with a mean age of 56.5 years, 94.2% were males. Overall, 47.8% patients were positive for HPV. 30% of HPV positive patients gave a history of smoking or betel chewing, whereas 50% of HPV negative patients were either smokers or betel chewers.72.5% patients had an oropharyngeal cancer with 46% were HPV positive. There was no association between HPV status with site of the primary lesion, TNM stage or the histological grade. In the HPV positive patients, 48.4% were HPV 18 positive and 27.3% were HPV 16 positive and 24.3% were both HPV 16 and 18 positive. In HPV negative compared to HPV positive patients, there was no significant difference in median overall survival at 8 months and 17 months respectively (p ¼ 0.41). HPV 16 and 18 co-infected patients had numerically higher median overall survival than either HPV 16 or HPV 18 mono-infected patients which were 17, 14, 12 months respectively (p ¼ 0.17). Conclusions: In our cohort, almost half of patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers were positive for HPV, with HPV 18 mono-infection most common.HPV positive patients had a numerically better median survival compared to HPV negative patients, although it did not reach statistical significance, potentially due to the small sample size. Further studies to confirm whether HPV status may be a good prognostic marker are warranted.
A descriptive epidemiological study was carried out for understanding the ranking order and temporal distribution of parturient haemoglobinuria in buffalo. For this data was recorded from each household of eight randomly selected villages. Parturient haemoglobinuria ranked as number one disease among all observed cases with respect to mortality (1.03%) and proportional mortality (29.41%) rate and appeared as 4thand 3rdposition in ranking with respect to incidence (3.97%) and case fatality (25.97%) rate. For assessment of temporal distribution, data of 77 haemoglobinuria cases was analyzed. Significantly (P<0.05) increased proportion of haemoglobinuria cases were recorded during December (23.3%) and in 4th lactation (31.1%). Majority (62.22%) of pregnant animals were affected during or after 7th month of pregnancy whereas; significantly (P<0.05) increased proportion (68.88%) of non pregnant animals was affected within 60 days of parturition. Findings indicated that parturient haemoglobinuria was among most important diseases of breeding age buffaloes causing 29.41% of the total deaths.
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