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A waste material called oil fly ash (OFA) was acid-functionalized, yielding f-OFA-COOH, which was then reacted with cerium oxide (CeO 2) to make CeO 2functionalized OFA, or f-OFA-CeO 2. Pristine OFA and f-OFA-CeO 2 were used to make waterborne polyurethane (WBPU) dispersions, referred to as WBPU/ OFA and WBPU/f-OFA-CeO 2 , respectively, with defined OFA and f-OFA-CeO 2 content. All the dispersions were applied to mild steel as organic coatings to evaluate their protective properties, such as their hydrophobicity, adhesive strength and UV-shielding resistance. These protective properties varied based on the OFA and f-OFA-CeO 2 content. The highest water contact angle, minimum water swelling and maximum adhesive strength were found using WBPU/ f-OFA-CeO 2-20 coating (using 2.00 wt% f-OFA-CeO 2), which also showed the maximum ultraviolet (UV) absorption via UV-vis spectroscopy analysis. This UV shielding result also matched field test results, as that coating was found to exhibit the lowest UV degradation near a marine atmosphere, as shown by Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The least affected hydrophobicity was also recorded for the sample with the WBPU/f-OFA-CeO 2-20 coating.

Hybrid implant coating materials composed of at least two constituents of different chemistry, functionality, and biocompatibility have attracted attention in a wide range of biomedical applications.