Background To determine and compare the effect of electro ejaculation (EE), Masturbations, Penile vibratory stimulation (PVS), Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA) on the quality and quantity of sperm parameters in the aspect of assisted reproduction. Methods A retrospective study on collected semen of 89 spinal cords injured (SCI) men (EE = 70, Mast = 3, PVS = 6, PESA = 10 individuals) and 49 neurologically intact men (EE = 5, Mast = 14, PVS = 30) with different methods were included and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with homologue oocytes were performed.
Immuno-oncology is a young and growing field in cancer therapy. It stimulates immune system to target and attack the tumor or inhibiting the immune response. Recent findings in cancer immunotherapy has revealed that the immune system can control many cancers across various histologies, producing durable responses in a way which not seen with many small molecule drugs. Advances in understanding the role and molecular mechanisms of immunotherapy are revolutionizing clinical practice in cancer treatment. Immunotherapy is being intensively explored with the aim of improving primary response rates or prolonging overall survival. The purpose of this chapter is to review the different aspect of immunotherapy including blockade of immunological checkpoints, immuno-oncology and imaging biomarkers, immune response, therapeutic resistance and combination therapy, while several additional immuno-therapeutic strategies are also highlighted.
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