Monolithic linings in steel ladles wear out because of several factors: thermal, chemical, and mechanical.Differences in ladle service conditions make it necessary to improve existing ramming compounds and develop new ones [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].The authors have developed a method of testing these linings in the ladle.Blocks made of sand-slung rammings were used. They were prepared on a sand-slinger ring based on model 296-M2 with a slinger-head diameter of 670 mm. The blocks are trapezoidal in shape and correspond to the outline of linings in the slag belt of a 150-ton steel ladle. The block dimensions in the upper part are 500 • 480 • 150 mm, in the lower 480 • 460 • 150 mm, and the height is 320 mm.Blocks were made of Chasov-Yar loamy sand grade PO-16 and lean river sand from the Kaidaksk port in Dnepropetrovsk.Graphite waste, chromite, and zircon were added to the Chasov-Yar sand ramming bodies with various amounts of DN-I clay to the river-sand body. Aqueous solutions of MgSO~-7H20, H3PO~, aluminochromophosphate (TU MKhP6-78-166-73) and sulfire lye were used as binders.Blocks were tested in the slag belt of 150-ton ladles in the Petrovskii open-hearth shop. The ladles were linked with KShU-39 firebrick.The steel-discharge temperature was 1610-1620~ the metal stayed 60-90 min in the ladle during casting, and the slag basicity was ].9-2.2.The average wear of Chasov-Yar sand blocks without additives was 10.2 mm for one pouring.Adding 15% chromite and 10% graphite waste to the Chasov-Yar sand reduced the resistance. When 30% zircon was added the average block, wear per pouring dropped from 10.2 to 8.0 mm. When solutions of MgSO4o7H20 and sulfite lye were used as binders, the resistance diminished. Using orthophosphoric acid and aluminochromophosphate did not markedly increase the resistance.Blocks based on Kaidaksk river sand showed much less wear in one pouring.Their resistance increased with a fall in added clay content, i.e., when the Na20 and K20 contents were reduced.Thus, a reduction in the alkalis from 1.28 to 0.35% reduced the block wear from 10.2 to 3.4 mm per pouring.Petrographic study of the blocks after service showed that they developed zone formation when a temperature gradient and molten slag and metal were present.* The least-changed zones in most specimens showed slight cracking and surface cristobalite formation of the quartz grains. As a result of interaction between silica and the impurities in the sand with the binder and under the temperature action, the least-changed zones formed a cryptocrystalline substance, which was less frequently glassy.Combustion of organic or carbonaceous constituents (when they were present) occurs in the transition zones, and in most cases the cryptocrystalline material is converted into glassy.There is some increase in the amount of metacristobalite in the quartz grains.The working zones are very dense, have an enhanced amount of glass in the bond, much cracking, and cristobalite formation in the quartz grains; the grain surfaces are covered, and the cracks fi...
The interaction of NOVATEK, Investgeoservice (IGS) and Schlumberger allowed to deliver 2 complex extended reach wells (ERD), including the longest ever drilled in Russian mainland, well number 373, in the Yurkharovskoye field located in Arctic Yamal peninsula, as part of the offshore development plan from onshore locations.
A geomechanical model was developed to address the main challenges, including optimum equivalent circulating density window and drilling regimes for wellbore quality and stability.
Drilling & Measurements key technologies, multipole sonic-while-drilling, latest high-speed telemetry service, multifunction logging-while drilling technologies were used for real time Geomechanics service to prevent costly wellbore stability issues. In addition the combination of rotary steerable technology with customized polycrystalline diamond compact bits and drilling fluid system, delivered superior drilling performance, resulting in high performed drilling of these complex wells.
Positive experience in the construction of these ERD wells, gives grounds to include options for developing the region, similar wells in the planning stage of various development scenarios.
This article devoted to the description of technologies and solutions that have been used for the construction of these wells.
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