Timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application can influence grass regrowth, so it is important to identify how tropical grasses respond to delays in applying fertilizer after defoliation. Our objective was to identify the effects of timing of N fertilizer application after harvest on the productive, morphogenic and structural characteristics of 3 tropical grasses: ‘Xaraés’ (Urochloa brizantha [Hochst. ex A. Rich.] Stapf cv. Xaraés), ‘Marandu’ (Urochloa brizantha [Hochst. ex A. Rich.] Stapf cv. Marandu) and ‘Tanzânia’ (Megathyrsus maximus [Jacq.] cv. Tanzânia). The experiments were performed in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design, with 5 delays in applying N after harvesting (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days). Delaying fertilizer application did not affect the forage mass of Xaraés and Marandu palisade grass (7.4 and 7.8 g/pot, respectively). There was a linear decrease in number of leaves per tiller and leaf appearance rate, but tiller population density and phyllochron increased linearly as fertilizer application was delayed. Grass forage mass (12.2‒10.6 g/pot), number of leaves per tiller (3.1‒2.6 leaves/tiller) and forage accumulation rate (0.47 to 0.41 g DM/d) of Tanzânia guinea decreased linearly as N application was delayed, but tiller population density was unaffected (25 tillers/pot). Based on our results, N fertilizer should be applied to Tanzânia guinea grass pastures as soon as possible after harvest and certainly before 3 days, while there is not the same urgency with Xaraés and Marandu where fertilization could be delayed up to 12 days without significant detriment. These suggestions need to be tested in a field study before being recommended widely.
Forage is a low-cost food for cattle production. To achieve maximum economic and productive efficiency, nitrogen dose must be adjusted as well as the ideal time to carry out the application. Thereby, this work aimed to identify the appropriate moment to realize nitrogen maintenance fertilization on cultivars of Panicum maximum (syn. Megathyrsus maximus): BRS Tamani e MG 12 Paredão. Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse. The first experiment (Experiment 1) at Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, and the second experiment (Experiment 2) at Federal University of Rondonópolis. Treatments consisted of five intervals between forage defoliation and nitrogen fertilization: 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days. Harvests were done when Tamani and MG 12 Paredão guinea grass reached 30 + 0.70 and 78 + 0.70 cm, respectively. The intervals between forage defoliation and nitrogen fertilization did not influence the development of MG 12 Paredão, except for tiller number. In contrast, the intervals between forage defoliation and nitrogen fertilization of BRS Tamani changed the leaf number, tiller number, dry mass of each leaf blade, dry mass of each tiller, leaf blade dry mass, stem dry mass and shoot dry mass. The longer the interval between defoliation and nitrogen fertilization on BRS Tamani, the greater the decrease in development, which impacted negatively on forage mass. There was no common biological response for both cultivars, even belonging to the same species, therefore, MG 12 Paredão has flexibility for fertilization timing, while BRS Tamani fertilization should be performed as close as possible to defoliation.
Resumo O capim Ipyporã, um híbrido interespecífico de Brachiaria, foi desenvolvido através do cruzamento de um genótipo de Brachiaria ruziziensis (sin. Urochloa ruziziensis) e um acesso de Brachiaria brizantha (sin. Urochloa brizantha), que possuem diferentes exigências de nitrogênio. O objetivo com este trabalho foi verificar a necessidade de nitrogênio do híbrido interespecífico de Brachiaria hibrida cv. Ipyporã. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com doze tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos corresponderam a um fatorial 4x3, sendo quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 100, 200 e 300 mg/dm 3 ) e três gramíneas forrageiras (B. hibrida cv. BRS Ipyporã, B. humidicola cv. Llanero e Panicum maximum cv. Zuri). Cada parcela experimental foi constituída por vaso de 3 dm³ com três plantas. Foram realizados três cortes de avaliação. A B. hibrida Ipyporã obteve maior resposta à adubação nitrogenada para número de perfilhos e de folhas em relação aos demais capins. Entretanto, para a massa seca total, observou-se que a B. hibrida foi menos responsiva ao nitrogênio que o capim P. maximum (alta exigência) e mais responsivo que B. humidicola (baixa exigência), o que mostra que esse híbrido é uma forrageira com média demanda em nitrogênio. Palavras -chave adubação nitrogenada, teste de identidade de modelos, Urochloa híbrida Abst ractIpyporã grass, a Brachiaria interspecific hybrid was developed by crossing a genotype of Brachiaria ruziziensis (syn. Urochloa ruziziensis) and an access of Brachiaria brizantha (syn. Urochloa brizantha), which have different nitrogen requirements.Therefore, the objective with work was to verify the nitrogen requirement of the interspecific hybrid of Brachiaria hybrid cv.Ipyporã. Experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a randomized block design, with twelve treatments and four replications. Treatments consisted of a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement, with four nitrogen doses (0; 100; 200 and 300 mg/dm³) and three forages (Brachiaria hybrid cv. BRS Ipyporã, Brachiaria humidicola cv. Llanero and Panicum maximum cv. Zuri). Each experimental plot consisted of a 3 dm³ pot with three plants. Three evaluation harvest were done. B. hybrid had greater response to nitrogen fertilization for number of tillers and leaves than the other forages. However, for the total dry mass, B. hybrid was less responsive to nitrogen than P. maximum grass (high demand) and more responsive than B. humidicola (low demand), which shows that this hybrid has medium nitrogen requirement.
Sulfur and potassium are essential elements for the development of forages as part of protein synthesis, nutrient transport, activation of photosynthesis enzymes and stomatal activity. Thus, this study aimed was to evaluate the production and morphology of Xaraes grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraes) and Zuri grass (Megathyrsus maximus cv. Zuri) fertilized with combinations of sulfur (S) and potassium (K) (only S, only K, with S and K, and without both), and identify which of these nutrients should be prioritized in maintenance fertilization. Two experiments were conducted in the greenhouse, in a completely randomized design. The first experiment was utilized the Xaraes grass and the second experiment the Zuri grass. Each experimental plot consisted of 5 dm3 pots with five plants per pot. All treatments were fertilized 200 mg/dm3 per pot with nitrogen. On treatments fertilized with sulfur it were applied ammonium sulfate (21% N and 24% S) as nitrogen supply, thus, it was applied 228 mg/dm3 of sulfur per plot. On treatments without sulfur, the nitrogen source was urea (46% N). The treatments with potassium were fertilized 100 mg/dm3 with potassium, utilizing potassium chloride (58% K2O). The harvest was performed when the plants reached the height of 35 and 75 cm, for xaraes and zuri respectively. For Xaraes grass, the fertilization with S and K in different combinations had a significant effect (P<0.05) on forage mass, leaves number and tillers per pot, individual tiller mass, leaf blade, stem + sheath, and dead material, as well as relative forage mass. For Zuri grass, the combinations of S and K showed statistical difference (P<0.05) just on leaf blade mass and dead material, and the number of leaves per pot, as well as on relative leaf blade mass. Based on the results obtained in the two experiments, the S and K combination in the maintenance fertilization of xaraes grass improves the forage development, however, S does not increase the productive indexes of zuri grass.
A criação de bovinos no Brasil ocorre, prioritariamente, em pastagens e, neste contexto, a adubação do pasto é uma importante estratégia de aumento na eficiência produtiva. Diante disso, objetivou-se, com esta revisão, descrever os impactos técnicos da adubação no desenvolvimento de gramíneas tropicais. A calagem é uma prática importante na disponibilidade dos nutrientes e, novos estudos visam demonstrar que o intervalo entre a incorporação do calcário e a semeadura tem maior dependência da umidade do solo e que é possível reduzir este período que tradicionalmente é de 60 a 90 dias. A adubação fosfatada tem maior impacto sobre a implantação do que a manutenção do pasto, e quando negligenciada na formação do pasto, observa-se um efeito residual sobre a rebrota. O nitrogênio e o potássio são os nutrientes mais extraídos na manutenção dos pastos, o que se torna importante o estudo da relação entre estes nutrientes, bem como a adoção da adubação potássica em sistemas em que a adubação nitrogenada é uma prática rotineira. A varredura, que consiste na mistura de sobras de fertilizantes em galpões, embora tenha baixo custo por quilo de produto, o uso pode ser antieconômico, o que depende da composição do insumo adquirido. Palavras-chave: calagem; fertilização de pastos; formação de pastagens. Technical and economic impacts of pasture fertilization ABSTRACT: Cattle production on Brazil priority occurs in grasslands, in this context, pasture fertilization is an important strategy to improve production efficiency. Therefore, the aim with this review is to describe the technical impacts of fertilization on tropical grass development. Liming is an important practice in nutrient availability and new studies aim to demonstrate that the interval between limestone incorporation and seeding has more dependence on soil moisture, and that is possible to reduce this period, which traditionally is from 60 to 90 days. Phosphate fertilization has a greater impact on pasture implantation than maintenance, and when neglected in pasture formation, there is a residual effect on regrowth. Nitrogen and potassium are the nutrients extracted on pasture maintenance, which makes it important to study the relationship between these nutrients, as well as the adoption of potassium fertilization in systems where nitrogen fertilization is a routine practice. Mixing leftover fertilizers in warehouses, although it has a low cost per kilo of product, the use can be uneconomical, which depends on the input composition purchased. Keywords: liming; pasture fertilization; pasture implantation.
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