The solvents used in this work; petroleum ether (40-60°C), ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, methanol and ethanol were of analytical grade. Chromatographic requirements Precoated HPTLC plates (silica gel 60F-254) with adsorbent layer thickness 0.2 mm, E-Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. HPTLC equipments Sample solutions were applied by means of a Camag (Wilmington, NC) Linomat IV automated spray-on band applicator equipped with a 100-µl syringe. Zones were quantified by linear scanning at 254 nm with a Camag TLC Scanner 3 with a deuterium source in the reflection mode. The peak areas of the chromatograms' spots were determined using CATS TLC software and winCATS TLC software (version 4.X). NomeNclature Botanical Nomenclature Psidium guajava L. Botanical Family Myrtaceae Definition Guava consists of the dried leaves of Psidium guajava L. family Myrtaceae.
From the NaOH-soluble fraction of the C (6)H (6) extract of Eupatorium odoratum growing in Nigeria, four known methoxylated flavonols and flavanones were isolated and identified as isosakuranetin, kaempferide, sakuranetin and tamarixetin. A discussion of the flavonoid pattern in the hitherto studied Eupatorium species is also presented.
The image theory for dipoles above an imperfectly conducting earth which has been developed by Wait, among others, is used to compute the change in the input impedance of a vertical magnetic dipole (VMD) due to the presence of the earth. Comparison with a previously developed rigorous solution is made and a good agreement is obtained, particularly when the conduction currents in the earth dominate over the displacement currents. Extension of the-single image theory is made in two ways. First, multi-images which are spread in space are used to represent the effect of the earth. Second, multipole sources having the same location are used. Both representations have shown a noticeable improvement over the single image in relation to computational results on the input impedance of a VMD.
Transglutaminase enzyme (TGase) treatment has been reported to increase the viscosity of milk and gel stiffness of yoghourt and the treatment has been suggested to replace part of the fat and proteins in dairy products. In this study, the effects of TGase on some physical, rheological and sensory properties of ice cream with different fat and stabiliser contents were studied. Five ice-cream mixes were prepared. Three of them were regular-fat mixes with 10% fat but vary in the stabiliser (0.7% and 0.2%). The other two mixes were low-fat mixes, (5% fat and 0.7% stabiliser), a control and treated sample. The mixes were pasteurised (80°C for 15 min), cooled to 50°C, homogenised (13.8/3.4 MPa) treated with the enzyme (at 45°C for 2.5 h) and aged for 24 h at 5°C before freezing. The viscosity, yield stress and consistency index (k) of all mixes were increased by the TGase treatment. The flow behaviour index (n) of regular-fat mixes changed from non-Newtonian shear thinning (n ¼ 0.9) to non-Newtonian shear thicking or dialtant behaviour (n ¼ 1.26). The flow behaviour index (n) of low-fat mixes did not change by the treatment. On the other hand, the time-viscosity curves at a constant shear rate of all the enzyme-treated mixes have changed from thixotropic to rheopectic (time-thickening) flow. The TGase treated ice creams were superior in all physical and organolyptic properties than their corresponding controls. The enzyme treatment compensated the low-fat or low-stabiliser in the ice cream. Moreover, tailored physical properties of ice cream could be obtained by manipulating the mix-enzyme reaction conditions and amount and type of stabiliser.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.