A study of microfossils contained in the hydrocarbon fluids derived from four oil‐ and gas‐bearing formations in Western Siberia (of Paleozoic, Jurassic, Neocomian and Albian—Cenomanian ages) has shown the importance of processes of vertical migration in local hydrocarbon accumulations. These processes were found to be concentrated in regions of geological disturbance or intense fracturing of the reservoir rocks.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) content is a vital indicator for soil health. The use of moldboard (traditional) plowing for many years had led to a prominent decline in the SOC and soil organic matter (SOM) in Southern Russia. Application of no-tillage (NT) is a sustainable alternative to conventional tillage (CT) as it offers an advantage for SOC store. The aim of the study was to assess soil organic carbon dynamics in response to tillage practices in the steppe zone of Southern Russia. The conservation of SOC under different tillage systems (CT and NT) was evaluated in comparison with the soils of the virgin soils (VS) in three different regions of the steppe zone of the Lower Don region (Southern of the European part of Russia). The SOC content under the conditions of CT was significantly lower than that in the VS and demonstrated an inclining trend when using NT technology. We estimate that the transition to NT over an area of 5.5 million hectares will lead to a significant reduction of carbon emissions into the atmosphere (by ~39 × 109 g C/year), thereby SOC deposition will be (~5.1 × 1012 g C) and high economic advantages will be reaped (with cost savings of up to 27%) in the Rostov region of Russia.
1. The researches so far published on the autohesion of polymers do not make it possible to isolate the influence of the mechanical properties of rubbers, which determine the true area of contact, from the influence of polymer chain diffusion. 2. Studies of the autohesion of thin films of rubber applied by the drain-off method to quartz threads, in relation to the film thickness and contact time, show that for films less than 3.10−5 cm. thick the adhesion force is small and varies very little with contact time. This proves, on the one hand, that in this instance the contact area is small (which is obvious) and does not increase with time, and on the other hand, that diffusion processes play no part in the autohesion of films of this thickness. 3. The effects which depend on mechanical properties and on the specific interaction (per unit area of true contact) between specimens may be separated if the measured values of adhesion between all possible combinations of pairs of rubbers are compared both with their compatibilities, and with their autohesion. 4. The measurements of the adhesional shearing strength of combinations of different pairs of polymers, carried out for this purpose, showed that the results for Butyl rubber may be interpreted on the assumption that diffusion processes do not play any appreciable role and that the adhesion strength is determined both by the true contact area, which depends on the mechanical properties of the corresponding polymer specimens, and also by the influence of forces associated with the electric double layer. 5. For the other rubbers the results may be interpreted only on the assumption that diffusion processes play a significant part. For similar polarities, T12/T11>1 and for dissimilar polarities, T12/T11<1. 6. General conclusion : autohesion and mutual adhesion of rubbers is determined both by mechanical properties, which determine the true contact area, and by diffusional properties. The latter are by no means always decisive. The electric double layer also probably influences the adhesional shearing strength in some instances. It is even more likely to play a role in some cases in measurements of the work of separation of two layers.
The use of polyelement diagnostics and regression analysis for predicting the yield of winter wheat at different stages of vegetation is considered. It has been established that the prediction and integrated assessment of grain yield and quality should be performed with consideration for the balance of macro-and micronutrients in the grain and the aboveground biomass of plants. Possibility of predicting the contents of macro-and micronutrients in wheat grain from the chemical composition of plants at the shooting stage has been revealed. Scientifically based recommendations are presented for managing the grain yield and quality of winter wheat.
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