Zinc salts have previously been shown to possess antiplaque activity in solution but this activity has as yet not been reported for dentifrices. The purpose of the present investigation was to establish the effect of dentifrices containing zinc citrate (ZCT) on plaque growth and on the concentration of zinc in saliva and plaque. Plaque growth inhibition was studied over periods of time approximating to intervals for normal oral hygiene procedures. Zinc in saliva and plaque was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Elevated zinc levels in saliva were observed for 3-4 h after brushing with the zinc citrate dentifrice. Similarly, raised levels of zinc were encountered in plaque 1 h following contact with a slurry of a dentifrice containing ZCT. Increased concentrations of zinc were observed in plaque fluid and plaque residue. The plaque growth data from 88 participants in 5 studies revealed that plaque regrowth over 16 h or 22 h was reduced by dentifrices containing 0.5% ZCT, compared to placebo dentifrices. Dentifrices which contained 0.5% ZCT or 0.4% stannous fluoride, had similar inhibitory effects on plaque. Further analysis of the data showed that subjects with high rates of plaque growth benefited more from the zinc dentifrices than those with low rates of plaque growth. It is suggested that the effect on plaque was related to zinc concentration in the dentifrice rather than total dose applied, and that the main effect of zinc was to inhibit the extension of existing plaque.
– The effect upon plaque growth of adding a nonionic antimicrobial agent, triclosan, to a dentifrice containing zinc citrate was established in short‐term in vivo studies. Plaque regrowth was inhibited by brushing with dentifrices which contained either zinc citrate or triclosan. When both were combined in the same dentifrice, the inhibition of overnight plaque regrowth was significantly greater. In two 4‐day non‐brushing studies, the dentifrices containing both zinc citrate and triclosan were applied either undiluted by the use of a cap splint or as 23% suspensions in water. Both methods resulted in significant reductions in plaque accumulation, with the greater activity being observed for the undiluted application of the dentifrice. Analysis of results of the overnight plaque studies for individual teeth revealed that the two agents had a complementary inhibitory action on plaque regrowth, zinc citrate being more effective on existing plaque whereas triclosan inhibited plaque formation on clean surfaces. The dentifrice containing both agents was effective against both existing plaque and new plaque formation. It is concluded that the addition of triclosan to a dentifrice containing zinc citrate improves its antiplaque potential.
Objectives: A)To assess plaque lactate production following consumption of three foods (cake, chocolate/caramel bar, sweetened coffee), and B) To measure the effect of a fluoride dentifrice containing 2% zinc citrate and 0.3% Triclosan on plaque lactate and pH drop following consumption of cake . Methods: A) 10 subjects completed the first study. Plaque samples taken before and at 8,15 and 30 minutes after eating . Samples were analysed for lactate via Capillary Electrophoresis. B) 30 subjects completed the second study. Plaque samples were taken before and after cake and use of test dentifrice or no treatment control. Plaque pH and lactate content were assessed. Results A) Plaque lactate levels increased after all three foods ; peak lactate levels occurred 8 minutes after eating. B) Plaque lactate concentrations after eating cake were 39.2mM for the control treatment and a significantly lower value, 23.6mM , for the test 2% zinc citrate, 0.3% Triclosan dentifrice. After food challenge, pH values were 5.53 for the no treatment group and a Significantly higher value of 5.79 for the test dentifrice group. Conclusions: A toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate , 0.3% Triclosan can significantly reduce plaque lactate generation and pH drop induced by cake, compared to no treatment control.
Objective: To develop an ex vivo plaque pH method to assess the efficacy of a new zinc citratefTriclosan formulation. Methods: Study (1) focussed on method development. Study (2) examined the effect of a toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan on the pH of plaque after product use and consumption of pizza. Study (3) investigated the effect of the same formulation and a fluoride toothpaste on the pH of plaque without an 'eating occasion '. The pH of plaque samples was measured over 10 minutes in the presence of glucose. Results: The test product significantly reduced the amount of acid produced 30 minutes (p=:0 .0035) and 3 hours (p=:0.0018) after brushing (study (2») . In study (3) use of the test product significantly reduced the amount of acid produced 3 hours after brushing (p=:0 .0023) . No significant benefit was found for the fluoride toothpaste. Conclusion: An ex vivo plaque pH method has been developed which can detect changes in acid produced following brushing with different toothpastes . A toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan significantly reduced the total acid produced for at least 3 hours after product use. Moreover it has been demonstrated that this effect is detectable even after eating.
Aims: To demonstrate the effective delivery to gingival tissues of the gum health actives zinc citrate and vitamin E acetate from a new silica based fluoride toothpaste and to confirm the clinical efficacy of the full formulation in vivo. Methods: Study 1: Zinc levels were measured from plaque samples immediately before and 10 minutes after brushing with the new toothpaste and compared to a similar marketed zinc containing product; Study 2: Vitamin E acetate levels were measured from the new toothpaste by swabbing gum tissues immediately after brushing; Study 3: Vitamin E acetate delivery and penetration of porcine gingival tissue ex vivo was measured and compared to delivery of the agent from an already marketed product; Study 4: The effect of the new toothpaste on gingival condition after three months home use was investigated in comparison to a marketed 0.3% triclosan containing toothpaste. Results: The new toothpaste showed significantly higher levels of zinc delivery compared to a similar marketed toothpaste. Vitamin E acetate delivery was also shown to be effective from both the in vivo and ex vivo studies. Clinically, both the new formulation and the 0.3% Triclosan control showed significant reduction in gingivitis after 12 weeks home use. Conclusions: Zinc citrate and vitamin E acetate are delivered at effective levels to gum tissue from the new formulation. The in vivo efficacy of the formulation has been demonstrated, showing the new toothpaste to be an effective anti‐gingivitis formulation.
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