Aim. To determine the role of biomarkers in predicting atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence within 12 months after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS).Material and methods. The study included 245 patients with AF aged 35 to 65 years: patients without MS components (n=32), with 1-2 MS components (n=62) and patients with 3 or more MS components (n=153). All patients underwent a comprehensive clinical and anamnestic, anthropometric, laboratory and echocardiographic examinations. The prospective follow-up for 12 months included 135 patients with AF who underwent RFA.Results. It was found that the presence of 3 or more MS components increased the risk of AF recurrence by 4,1 times within 12 months after RFA (relative risk (RR) =4,1, 95% CI 2,19-7,65, p<0,0001). According to binomial logistic regression, epicardial fat thickness (EFT) (OR =3,71, 95% CI 2,12-6,73, p=0,00001), the severity of left atrial fibrosis (OR =1,48, 95% CI 1,03-1,78, p=0,0006), concentrations of galectin-3 (OR =1,31, 95% CI 1,12-1,51, p=0,0001) and GDF-15 (OR =1,11, 95% CI 1,02-1,18, p=0,0002) in patients with AF and MS increase the risk of AF recurrence after RFA. For galectin-3, GDF-15, and EFT, using ROC analysis, the following threshold values were established, the excess of which had the greatest effect on the risk of AF recurrence after RFA in patients with MS: galectin-3 >11,0 ng/ml (RR =3,43, 95% CI 1,79-6,58, p=0,0001), GDF-15 >1380,7 pg/ml (RR =2,84, 95% CI 1,81-4,46, p<0,0001) and EFT >6,4 mm (RR =4,50, 95% CI 2,32-8,71, p<0,0001). In patients with excess of all three biomarker thresholds, the total risk of AF recurrence in patients with MS within 12 months after RFA increases by 3,2 times (RR =3,16, 95% CI 1,97-5,11, p<0,00001).Conclusion. The risk of AF recurrence within 12 months after RFA in patients with three or more MS components is higher than in patients with 1-2 MS components. An increase in the blood concentration of profibrogenic biomarkers galectin-3, GDF-15 and an increase in the thickness of epicardial adipose tissue is associated with an increased risk of AF recurrence in patients with MS, and these biomarkers are likely to play a significant role in predicting recurrent episodes of AF after RFA.
Objective. To determine the blood concentrations of biomarkers of fibrosis and inflammation in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS), atrial fibrillation (AF) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to establish their role in the formation of left atrial myocardial fibrosis. Design and methods. A cross-sectional case-control study included 286 patients aged 35 to 65 years: 78 patients with MS(+)/AF(+)/OSA(+), 79 patients with MS(+) / AF(+)/OSA(-), 73 patients with MS(+)/AF(-)/OSA(+) and 56 patients with MS(+)/AF(-)/OSA(-). Patients with AF and MS (n = 71) were assessed for the severity of left atrial myocardial fibrosis with electroanatomical mapping. Results. It was found that the concentration of profibrogenic biomarkers circulating in the blood of patients with MS(+)/AF(+)/OSA(+) is higher than in patients with MS(+)/AF(-)/OSA(+): galectin-3 (13,4 (8,5-17,6) and 8,4 (5,1-11,6) pg/ml, p < 0,0001), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) (1648,3 (775,32568,1) and 856,0 (622,5-1956,4) pg/ml, p < 0,0001), N-terminal peptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP) (95,6 (78,6-120,4) and 50,6 (38,9-68,3) ng/ml, p < 0,0001), N-terminal peptide of type I procollagen (PINP) (3459,4 (2167,1-4112,1) and 2355,3 (1925,0-3382,1) pg/ml, p < 0,0001). In the examined cohort of patients with OSA, positive correlations were found between galectin-3 and cardiotrophin-1 (r = 0,410, p = 0,00002), galectin-3 and GDF-15 (r = 0,430, p = 0,0003), galectin-3 and PIIINP (r = 0,451, p = 0,0001). Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) and blood concentrations of GDF-15 (r = 0,661, p < 0,00001), galectin-3 (r = 0,519, p < 0,00001), interleukin 6 (r = 0,310, p = 0,0001) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (r = 0,361, p = 0,002). Negative correlations of the average level of SpO2 with CRP (r = -0,354, p = 0,001), galectin-3 (r = -0,451, p < 0,00001), GDF-15 (r = -0,637, p < 0,00001) were found. In patients with AF and OSA, fibrosis was more severe than in patients with AF without OSA (28,6 (23,6-36,6) and 13,5 (9,9-23,6) %, p = 0,0002). AHI positively correlated with the severity of fibrosis (r = 0,708, p < 0,00001). The patients with AF and OSA showed the strongest positive relationship between the severity of fibrosis and PINP (r = 0,572, p < 0,0001; в = 0,511, p < 0,0001) and galectin-3 (r = 0,449, p = 0,0009; в = 0,807, p < 0,0001). Conclusions. An increase in the concentration of fibrosis biomarkers in the blood is associated with an increase in the severity of left atrial myocardial fibrosis and probably has a pathogenetic role in increasing the risk of AF in patients with MS and OSA.
The objective was to determine the concentrations of biomarkers of fibrosis and inflammation in the blood, parameters characterizing heart remodeling in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in combination with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods and materials. The study included 231 examined patients aged 35 to 65 years: patients with DM (n=99), of which 49 patients with AF, and the comparison group consisted of patients with AF without T2DM (n=54) and healthy examined patients (n=78).Results. It was found that the concentration of profibrogenic biomarkers circulating in the blood of patients with AF and T2DM is higher than in patients with AF without T2DM: galectin-3 (13.4 (9.1–16.9) and 6.8 (4.6–12.8) ng/ml, p<0.001), TGF-beta1 (3032.5 (2468.5–4283.5) and 2339.7 (1813.3–3368.8) pg/ml, p=0.01), GDF-15 (2359.3 (1234.3–3465.1) and 1256.7 (889.9–2083.7) pg/ml, p><0.001), PINP (3625.4 (2462.1–4463.7) and 2451.3 (1842.0–2941.0) pg/ml, p><0.001) and PIIINP (92.8 (68.6–122.4) and 67.6 (47.9–93.3) ng/ml, p><0.001). Concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines CRP (3.5 (2.2–4.4) and 2.7 (1.4–7.1) mg/l, p=0.01) and CT-1 (1032.1 (667.6–1495.3) and 549.1 (411.9–960.1) pg/ml, p><0.001) in patients with AF and T2DM is higher than in patients with T2DM without AF. The levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 in patients with AF and T2DM are comparable to the concentrations of these biomarkers of inflammation in patients with T2DM without AF. According to the results of echocardiography, it was revealed that the thickness of the epicardial adipose tissue in patients with AF and T2DM is greater than in patients with AF without T2DM and greater than in patients with T2DM without AF (7.1±0.4, 4.5±0.3 and 5.1±0.3, respectively, p><0.001). A strong positive correlation between GDF-15 and HbA1c was established according to the correlation analysis (r=0.617, p><0.0001) and regression analysis (β=0.586, p><0.0001). According to binomial logistic regression, it was found that T2DM in the examined cohort increased the risk of AF by 2.2 times (OR=2.2, 95 %CI 1.41–3.31, p=0.00004). Conclusion. The obtained new data on the increase in the concentration of profibrogenic factors in patients with AF in combination with T2DM indicate an important role of the formation of myocardial fibrosis in the development of this arrhythmia in these patients. Keywords: biomarkers, fibrosis, inflammation, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus>˂0.001), TGF-beta1 (3032.5 (2468.5–4283.5) and 2339.7 (1813.3–3368.8) pg/ml, p=0.01), GDF-15 (2359.3 (1234.3–3465.1) and 1256.7 (889.9–2083.7) pg/ml, p˂0.001), PINP (3625.4 (2462.1–4463.7) and 2451.3 (1842.0–2941.0) pg/ml, p˂0.001) and PIIINP (92.8 (68.6–122.4) and 67.6 (47.9–93.3) ng/ml, p˂0.001). Concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines CRP (3.5 (2.2–4.4) and 2.7 (1.4–7.1) mg/l, p=0.01) and CT-1 (1032.1 (667.6–1495.3) and 549.1 (411.9–960.1) pg/ml, p˂0.001) in patients with AF and T2DM is higher than in patients with T2DM without AF. The levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 in patients with AF and T2DM are comparable to the concentrations of these biomarkers of inflammation in patients with T2DM without AF. According to the results of echocardiography, it was revealed that the thickness of the epicardial adipose tissue in patients with AF and T2DM is greater than in patients with AF without T2DM and greater than in patients with T2DM without AF (7.1±0.4, 4.5±0.3 and 5.1±0.3, respectively, p˂0.001). A strong positive correlation between GDF-15 and HbA1c was established according to the correlation analysis (r=0.617, p˂0.0001) and regression analysis (β=0.586, p˂0.0001). According to binomial logistic regression, it was found that T2DM in the examined cohort increased the risk of AF by 2.2 times (OR=2.2, 95 %CI 1.41–3.31, p=0.00004).Conclusion. The obtained new data on the increase in the concentration of profibrogenic factors in patients with AF in combination with T2DM indicate an important role of the formation of myocardial fibrosis in the development of this arrhythmia in these patients.
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