The existence of marine ice transfer along the underside of the Hell's Gate Ice Shelf ( Victoria Land), is indicated by an isotopic and chemical study of ice cores. Because of top surface ablation, the marine ice formed at the ice shelf‐ocean interface, ultimately appears at shelf surface. A succession of congelation, platelet and frazil ice is shown to occur. The combined study of stable isotope composition and of the sodium content of these different ice types proves to be a valuable tool for specifying the ice shelf‐ocean interactions in this area. Two different freezing zones separated by a melting rone exist; the parent water for the frazil ice is meltwater from congelation ice which appears in the upstream zone.
Laboratory investigations have been carried out on one‐ and two‐component artificial sand samples in order to estimate the relations between formation factor (F), porosity (φ), and permeability (K). The measurements were carried out by varying grain size and size distribution while keeping constant shape and packing; in our experimental conditions the measured formation factor approximated the intrinsic formation factor.
The relationship between formation factor and porosity (F = a ·φ−m) is independent of grain size and size distribution; the coefficient values are: a = 1·15, m = 1·42.
The relationship between permeability and formation factor has the general form K = r · F−s, where s is constant, and r is a function of the mean size d of the small component of the samples.
The K‐F relation can be established only if d is constant; in these conditions the relationship is an inverse one, and the negative trend is related to the variations in size distribution.
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