Background: Spironolactone, an aldosterone antagonist, has been demonstrated to decrease mortality in human patients when added to other cardiac therapies.Hypothesis: Spironolactone in addition to conventional therapy increases survival compared with conventional therapy in dogs with naturally occurring myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).Animals Methods: Double-blinded, field study conducted with dogs randomized to receive either spironolactone (2 mg/kg once a day) or placebo in addition to conventional therapy (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, plus furosemide and digoxin if needed). Primary endpoint was a composite of cardiac-related death, euthanasia, or severe worsening of MR.Results: Primary endpoint reached by 11/102 dogs (10.8%) in the spironolactone group (6 deaths, 5 worsening) versus 28/ 110 (25.5%) in control group (14 deaths, 8 euthanasia, 6 worsening). Risk of reaching the composite endpoint significantly decreased by 55% (hazard ratio [HR] 5 0.45; 95% confidence limits [CL], 0.22-0.90; log rank test, P 5 .017). Risk of cardiacrelated death or euthanasia significantly reduced by 69% (HR 5 0.31; 95% CL, 0.13-0.76; P 5 .0071). Number of dogs not completing the study for cardiac and other miscellaneous reasons similar in spironolactone (67/102) and control groups (66/110).Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Spironolactone added to conventional cardiac therapy decreases the risk of reaching the primary endpoint (ie, cardiac-related death, euthanasia, or severe worsening) in dogs with moderate to severe MR caused by MMVD.
Lie algebras associated with scalar secondorder ordinary differential equations A class of solvable secondorder ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients J 1 = y,2/2, J 2 = uy'2 -yy', J 3 = (y -uy')2/2, 1
Numerical simulations of the evolution of the order parameter and the vector potential in thin type-II superconducting films are reported. The theoretical framework is provided by the well-known time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equations coupled with the Maxwell equations. The external field is applied parallel to the surfaces. Several maxima appear in the magnetization curve, a phenomenon that has been observed in experiments and up to now only explained using a London approach. It is proved that these maxima are indeed predicted by the fu11 TDGL approach, and are not necessarily linked with structural changes in the vortex lattice. A mechanism for the appearance of magnetization maxima in finite samples is identified, based on the behavior of surface supercurrents.The magnetization of a thin superconducting film as a function of the applied field parallel to its faces is considered. In the last few years this process has attracted attention, ' mainly focused on the oscillations exhibited by the magnetization. Some models, based on a London-type approach, have been able to explain why magnetization peaks appear at certain fields. ' Though the experiments were carried out in layered superconductors and in oriented YBaCuO films, the models make no use of the internal periodic structure of the sample and nevertheless arrive at satisfactory predictions. It is thus interesting to analyze this problem using a fully coupled Ginzburg-Landau approach, by numerically solving the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equations coupled with the Maxwell equations in a homogeneous, isotropic, type-II superconducting thin film. Numerical simulations using the same approach have already proved useful in the modeling of other superconductivity phenomena.Our results can be sunitnarized as the following: (i) It is confirmed that the full TDGL approach predicts a series of maxima in the magnetization of a homogeneous type-II film with the applied field parallel to its faces. (ii)It is proved that these maxima are not necessarily linked with structural changes in the vortex lattice. (iii) A mechanism for the appearance of such maxima is identified, strongly linked with the behavior of surface supercurrents. This mechanism is independent of that proposed in Refs. 1 and 2. Let us brieAy describe the mathematical model and the numerical method. We use the time-dependent GinzburgLandau (TDGL) equations coupled with Maxwell equations, leading to the following mathematical problem for the order parameter P and the vector potential A (the scalar potential is eliminated through an appropriate choice of gauge): BA =(1 -T)Re[&/i*( -iV -A)p] -~2 Vx VxA. (2) Bt Lengths have been scaled in units of $(0), time in units of to= mfa/(96k~T, ), A in units of H, z(0)g(0) and temperatures in units of T, . It has been assumed that ((T) = $(0)(1 -T/T, ) ', where T is the temperature and T, the. critical temperature, and that the Ginzburg-Landau parameter is independent of temperature. In (1), r/ is proportional to the ratio of characteristic times f...
The objective of the study was to assess the effects of a dog-appeasing pheromone (DAP) collar in reducing sound-induced fear and anxiety in a laboratory model of thunderstorm simulation. Twenty-four beagle dogs naïve to the current test were divided into two treatment groups (DAP and placebo) balanced on their fear score in response to a thunderstorm recording. Each group was then exposed to two additional thunderstorm simulation tests on consecutive days. Dogs were video-assessed by a trained observer on a 6-point scale for active, passive and global fear and anxiety (combined). Both global and active fear and anxiety scores were significantly improved during and following thunder compared with placebo on both test days. DAP significantly decreased global fear and anxiety across ‘during’ and ‘post’ thunder times when compared with baseline. There was no significant improvement in the placebo group from baseline on the test days. In addition, the DAP group showed significantly greater use of the hide box at any time with increased exposure compared with the placebo group. The DAP collar reduced the scores of fear and anxiety, and increased hide use in response to a thunder recording, possibly by counteracting noise-related increased reactivity.
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