Cross-linking of antibodies constitutes a widespread initiation signal for their respective effector functions. Cross-linking IgE-class antibodies provide the triggering signal to mast cells for their degranulation process. To obtain a quantitative insight into these cross-linking processes, the interactions between a DNP-specific monoclonal antibody of the IgE class and a series of divalent DNP haptens with spacers of different length and flexibility have been studied by fluorescence titration experiments. These were analyzed by employing the theoretical model developed by Dembo and Goldstein [Dembo, M., & Goldstein, B. (1978) J. Immunol. 121, 345-353] in a fitting procedure. Equilibrium constants that describe the aggregation and ring-closure processes caused by divalent hapten binding have been used as free parameters. The intrinsic binding constants were determined by fluorescence titrations with corresponding monovalent haptens. The main results are the following: (1) The divalent haptens with a short and flexible spacer [i.e., N alpha, N epsilon-di-(DNP)-L-lysine,meso-bis[(DNP-beta-Ala)amino]succinate, and bis[(DNP-tri-D-Ala)amino]heptane, having a maximal DNP-DNP distance of gamma = 14, 21, and 45 A, respectively] effect aggregation of the antibodies mainly into closed dimers. (2) The divalent hapten family with long and rigid oligoproline spacers di(DNP)-Ahx-Asp-(Pro)n-Lys with n = 24, 27, and 33 (i.e., gamma = 100, 110, and 130 A) causes aggregation of the antibodies predominantly into closed dimers and trimers. The corresponding equilibrium constants of the respective ring-closure processes decrease significantly with longer spacer length. (3) Evidence was found that intramolecularly monomeric ring closure of the IgE antibodies is caused by haptens containing oligoproline spacers with n = 37 or 42 (gamma = 130-150 A). The equilibrium constant of the ring-closure process increases with spacer length. This increase in stability indicates a difference in the imposed strain. Furthermore, the latter results imply that the distance between the two binding sites of the IgE molecule lies in the range dictated by the rigid oligoproline part of the respective hapten's spacer, i.e., 115-130 A. (4) Nearly all oligomeric ring-closure processes proceed relatively slowly with an approximate lower limit of a half-life of 5-10 s. This slowing down of the aggregation and ring-closure processes most probably reflects steric factors.
Degranulation of basophils and mast cells, releasing histamine, plays a central role in allergic reactions. Degranulation is a response to cell surface receptor aggregation caused by association of receptors with antibodies bound to multivalent antigens. Tools used in studying this process have included small-molecule divalent antigens, but they suffer from weak signaling due to small aggregate size. We have prepared trivalent antigens that allow formation of larger aggregates and potent responses from mast cells.Aggregation of cell surface receptors is a common mechanism involved in signal transduction across cell membranes. 1 This mechanism is used, for example, by receptors that are intrinsic protein tyrosine kinases (i. e., autophosphorylation of aggregated receptors), 2,3 such as the epidermal growth factor receptor, the platelet derived growth factor receptor, and the high affinity receptor for IgE (Fcε RI), which plays a central role in allergic reactions. 4,5 Early steps in the initiation of signaling by this class of receptors are similar: multivalent interactions with a ligand lead to aggregation of receptors and enhanced phosphorylation of tyrosines, which can be recognized by cytoplasmic regulatory molecules.FcεRI receptors are found on the surface of mast cells, basophils, and rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells, and these receptors bind the Fc (invariant) region of the divalent antibody IgE. When multiple IgE molecules bind a polyvalent antigen and in turn associate with FcεRI on a cell surface, aggregates of these receptors are generated (Figure 1). Formation of aggregates can in some cases trigger calcium release and degranulation (export of histamine).* paul_savage@byu.edu . Supporting Information Available:Experimental details for the degranulation experiments; a synthetic scheme for 8a and 8b; synthetic details for the preparation of the di-and tri-valent antigens (6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a and 8b); and 1 H NMR spectra for 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a and 8b. For example, it has been observed that aggregation caused by IgE dimers are less effective than those caused by larger IgE oligomers at stimulating cellular responses 6 and that cellular responses are inhibited when an optimal degree of aggregation is exceeded. 9 The factors that cause an aggregate to be a robust signaling unit, an inhibitor of signal transduction, or a nonsignaling unit remain to be fully elucidated. NIH Public AccessThe importance of influences of ligand-induced receptor aggregates on cellular signals has prompted significant effort in developing means for quantitative analysis of the interactions between multivalent ligands and cell surface receptors. 10 An attractive approach to studing IgE -FcεRI aggregation involves the use of synthetic symmetric divalent ligands, which are the simplest type of ligand capable of aggregating receptors. The interaction of divalent IgE antibodies with a divalent ligand can result in an IgE -FcεRI aggregate spectrum that contains only linear chains and rings of various sizes (including one to on...
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