We interviewed the children with questionnaire about socioeconomics factors, hygiene, living conditions and their dietary habits. Results A lower frequency of fermented dairy food, fruits and vegetable consumption was registred among children with Hp reinfection as compared to not been re-infected.Among persons with Hp re-infection were noted low socio-economic markers such as croweded living conditions, a large number of siblings and unclean water. Conclusions Might decrease the risk of Hp re-infection the use of probiotic, vitamin C, antioxidants contained in fruit and vegetables.Risk factors for Hp re-infection are low socioeconomics factors, hygiene and living conditions.
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
Background
Heart failure (HF) is a heterogeneous disease with complex structural and electrophysiological derangements of the heart. Attempts to classify HF from the electrophysiological perspective are lacking.
Purpose
To use electrocardiographic (ECG) data for phenotypic classification of patients with HF.
Methods
In this retrospective cohort study, all adult patients hospitalized for HF during 2010-2016 at a tertiary center were included. Automated measurements of the first ECG obtained during the index admission were recorded. K-means clustering using premorbid conditions and selected ECG measurements were used to classify the cohort into four mutually exclusive clusters. The primary (all-cause and cardiovascular mortality) and secondary (ventricular arrhythmia (VA)) outcomes were compared between clusters using Cox regression analysis.
Results
In total, 2849 patients (1363 males, age 75.1 ± 13.4 years) were included. Over a mean follow-up period of 5.37 ± 4.10 years, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality occurred in 2071 (72.7%) and 600 (21.1%) patients respectively, while VA occurred in 110 patients (3.9%). Cluster 1 was characterised by a low heart rate and low ventricular activation time (VAT). Cluster 2 was characterised by old age, low absolute QRS area, and high QTc and QT dispersion. Cluster 3 was characterised by young age, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and few had history of VA. Cluster 4 was characterised by wide QRS, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, high VAT, and high absolute T wave area. Cluster 4 had the highest and cluster 1 the lowest risks of all-cause (hazard ratio (HR) 2.96 [1.09, 1.50], p = 0.003; Figure A) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.90 [1.15, 2.11], p = 0.004; Figure B). Meanwhile, cluster 2 had the highest risk of VA (HR 2.23 [1.09, 3.85], p = 0.025; Figure C) while clusters 1 and 3 similarly had the lowest risks.
Conclusion
HF presents with clinically and electrophysiologically distinct phenotypes. Clustering analysis is useful in identifying HF phenotypes which are prognostically significant. Abstract Figures A, B, and C
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