An in vitro crustacean (freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium potiuna) erythrophore bioassay for chromatophorotropins and other pigment cell agonists is described. The present assay is a quantitative method that determines the pigment responses with the aid of an ocular micrometer. The pigment granules within the erythrophores are dispersed out into the dendritic processes of the cells when the isolated carapace is placed in physiological solution. This bioassay provides, therefore, a method for measuring the response of the pigment cells to aggregating agents such as pigment concentrating hormone (PCH). This bioassay is sensitive to PCH at a concentration as low as 3 x 10(-12) M. Calcium ionophore A23187 mimics the actions of PCH, but, unlike the hormone, the ionophore-induced pigment aggregation is irreversible after physiological solution rinses. Therefore, chromatophorotropic activities of pigment dispersing agents, such as pigment dispersing hormones (PDH), can be determined on ionophore-treated erythrophores. The potencies of alpha-PDH and beta-PDH show a threefold difference (not significant). Because of its convenience and its ability to make an objective determination of the bidirectional pigment movements within erythrophores, this bioassay is a suitable method for further structure-activity studies of the various chromatophorotropins and their analogs.
In the context of an exactly soluble out of equilibrium (quenched) model, we study an extension of the fluctuation-dissipation relation. This involves a modified differential form of this relation, with an effective temperature which may have an explicit dependence on time scales.
In the context of a broad class of quenched models, we derive a generalized
differential form of the Kadanoff-Baym (KB) ansatz which relates the out of
equilibrium correlated and spectral Green's functions. This relation holds at
any time both before the quench (when it coincides with the
fluctuation-dissipation theorem) as well as after it. We also examine, in the
context of exactly soluble quenched models, the validity of some of the earlier
alternative extensions of the KB ansatz.Comment: 9 page
We study the behavior of the fermion propagator in an external time dependent potential in 0+1 dimension. We show that, when the potential has upto quadratic terms in time, the propagator can be expressed in terms of generalized Airy functions (or standard Airy functions depending on the exact time dependence). We study various properties of these new generalized functions which reduce to the standard Airy functions in a particular limit.
A lei de Hooke estabelece uma relação direta entre a força aplicada e a deformação produzida num objeto, sendo a constante elástica o fator de proporcionalidade. Em disciplinas introdutórias de Física, a lei de Hooke é geralmente apresentada no contexto de molas reais. Este trabalho propõe uma abordagem didática complementar do tema “elasticidade dos materiais”, utilizando-se de um modelo microscópico em que as ligações interatômicas comportam-se como molas e, assim, a constante elástica de uma estrutura pode ser prevista por uma fórmula fechada extremamente simples no caso de sistemas periódicos. Em particular, estruturas de nitreto de boro hexagonal monocamada foram modeladas a partir de uma combinação série-paralelo de molas idênticas. Para garantir maior simplicidade teórica, o modelo foi concebido dentro da aproximação linear da elasticidade. Um estudo realizado mostrou que o valor máximo de deformação axial para este regime é de 1,8%. O modelo foi testado através de simulações computacionais atomísticas e mostrou-se capaz de prever acuradamente a constante elástica das estruturas. Por fim, a abordagem proposta revelou-se didaticamente simples e interessante para ser explorada em cursos introdutórios de Física ou Engenharia, sobretudo pela confirmação da validade das regras usuais de combinação de molas no domínio microscópico.
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