Context. Cardiomyopathy is the most frequent cardiovascular complication in acromegaly.Objective. We aimed to compare some echocardiographic markers in acromegaly patients with controls and find a correlation with disease duration, disease activity, levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).Design. We conducted a cross-sectional casecontrol study for the period of 2008-2012.Subjects and methods. Acromegaly patients altogether 146 (56 men and 90 women), were divided into four groups according to disease activity and the presence of arterial hypertension (AH). The control group included 83 subjects, matching the patient groups by age, gender and presence of AH. GH was measured by an immunofluorometric method, while IGF-1 by IRMA method. All patients and controls were subjected to one-and two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography, color and pulse Doppler.Results. We found a thickening of the left ventricular walls and an increase in the left ventricular mass. However, these changes were not statistically significant in all groups and no correlation with disease duration could be demonstrated. As markers of diastolic dysfunction, increased deceleration time and isovolumetric relaxation were registered, which were dependent mainly on age in a binary logistic regression analysis, but not GH or IGF-1. Using absolute values, ejection and shortening fractions were increased in some groups. Using cut-off values, a higher percentage of systolic dysfunction was demonstrated in patients compared to their corresponding controls. Engagement of the right heart ventricle was also foundincreased deceleration time and decreased e/a tric ratio.Conclusions. In conclusion, functional impairments of both ventricles were present, with a predominance of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

The aim of our work was to assess ultrasound features of cardiovascular (CV) risk in stages of gout. Cross-sectional complex multimodal ultrasound study of 169 age-matched patients, with similar distribution of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity and chronic renal failure, was divided into four groups: 41 with asymptomatic hyperuricemia, 52 gout without tophi, 42 gouty tophi and 34 controls with osteoarthritis. Parameters independently associated with CV risk were measured: renal resistive index (RRI), left ventricular mass index (LVMi), mitral annulus early diastolic velocity (e'), intima-media thickness (IMT) and common carotid artery resistive index (CCARI). Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of gout stages and CV risk factors on ultrasound alterations. Gouty tophi increased the risk of having IMT >0.90 mm with an OR 11.51 (95 % CI 2.32-57.21, p = 0.003), gout without tophi raised the risk with an OR 6.25 (95 % CI 1.37-28.44, p = 0.018), while asymptomatic hyperuricemia had no effect on IMT. The category of CCARI >0.70 was influenced by tophi with an OR 11.18 (95 % CI 2.61-47.83, p = 0.001) and by arterial hypertension with an OR 3.22 (95 % CI 1.11-9.36, p = 0.032). Neither asymptomatic hyperuricemia nor gout without tophi modified the development of abnormally high CCARI. Gout stages had no impact on LVMi, e' and RRI. Tophi are related to worsened ultrasonographic parameters evaluating target organs in gout, relative to earlier stages of the disease. They create a strong risk of carotid arteries' changes even beyond arterial hypertension.

The aim of the study was to establish the functional disorder in the blood circulation of gout patients with a method that shows early damage of the heart and vascular structures. A total of 117 patients were examined cross-sectionally by a complex multimodal ultrasonography and were divided into four groups: 37 healthy controls, 24 asymptomatic hyperuricemia, 36 gout without tophi and 20 gouty tophi. With pulsed Doppler, common carotid artery resistive index (CCARI) and parameters of the transmitral blood flow were determined: the ratio between maximal early and late flow velocities (E/A ratio) and deceleration time (DT). With tissue Doppler imaging, mitral annular peak velocity (Em) was obtained. In the examined ultrasonographic parameters between healthy controls and the three patient groups, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Comparing asymptomatic hyperuricemia and gout without tophi, no significant difference in CCARI (p = 0.656), E/A ratio (p = 0.472), DT (p = 0.990) and Em (p = 0.488) was found. Gouty tophi in comparison with gout without tophi and asymptomatic hyperuricemia had significantly lower Em (mean ± SD 0.07 ± 0.02 vs 0.09 ± 0.03 vs 0.13 ± 0.17) and significantly higher CCARI (mean ± SD 0.74 ± 0.05 vs 0.70 ± 0.05 vs 0.69 ± 0.05). Further multiple logistic regression revealed that tophi increased subject's likelihood of having category of CCARI ≥ 0.7 with an OR = 10.91 (95 % CI 1.80-66.14, p = 0.009), while the category of Em < 0.08 m/s was influenced by renal insufficiency with an OR = 3.07 (95 % CI 1.17-8.02, p = 0.022). Gouty tophi are associated with progression of arteriosclerotic-type vessel changes. Worsening of diastolic dysfunction of the heart is independently associated with renal insufficiency. In terms of CV risk, tophi are an indicator of its increase.