The present study investigated the effects of adding wheat straw treated with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) and a probiotic supplement to finely ground starters on growth performance, rumen fermentation, behavior, digestibility, and health of dairy calves. A total of 48 Holstein dairy calves (39.8 ± 1.67 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to one of 4 nutritional treatments (n = 12 calves per treatment). The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of two diets with or without EFE-treated wheat straw (2 g/day/calf) and diets with or without probiotics (2 g/day/calf). All calves were weaned on day 63 and remained in the study until day 84. The addition of EFE to wheat straw had no effect on starter feed intake, increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility and recumbency, but decreased average daily gain (ADG) after weaning (240 g/d). The addition of probiotics to the diet had no effect on starter feed intake, improved feed efficiency, ADG (150 g/d), final weight (11.3 kg), and NDF digestibility, and decreased the ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen. The addition of probiotics to starter feed for calves could improve their growth.

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For a completely regular space X, let C B (X) be the normed algebra of all bounded continuous scalar-valued mappings on X equipped with pointwise addition and multiplication and the supremum norm and let C 0 (X) be its subalgebra consisting of mappings vanishing at infinity. For a nonvanishing closed ideal H of C B (X) we study properties of its spectrum sp(H) which may be characterized as the unique locally compact (Hausdorff) space Y such that H and C 0 (Y ) are isometrically isomorphic. We concentrate on compactness properties of sp(H) and find necessary and sufficient (algebraic) conditions on H such that the spectrum sp(H) satisfies (topological) properties such as the Lindelöf property, σ-compactness, countable compactness, pseudocompactness and paracompactness.2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 46J10; Secondary 46J25, 54D35, 54C35.

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Let X be a completely regular topological space. For each closed non-vanishing ideal H of CB(X), the normed algebra of all bounded continuous scalar-valued mappings on X equipped with pointwise addition and multiplication and the supremum norm, we study its spectrum, denoted by 𝔰𝔭(H). We make a correspondence between algebraic properties of H and topological properties of 𝔰𝔭(H). This continues some previous studies, in which topological properties of 𝔰𝔭(H) such as the Lindelöf property, paracompactness, σ-compactness and countable compactness have been made into correspondence with algebraic properties of H. We study here other compactness properties of 𝔰𝔭(H) such as weak paracompactness, sequential compactness and pseudocompactness. We also study the ideal isomorphisms between two non-vanishing closed ideals of CB(X).