This study was aimed to evaluate the anatomical variations and morphometry of long extrinsic tendons of the thumb namely, extensor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis. Fiftyfive upper limbs of formalin embalmed adult cadavers were dissected. The variation in muscle belly, tendon, its course within dorsal wrist compartment and mode of insertion were noted. The extensor pollicis longus was duplicated in 5.5%. Around 25% tendons were fused with extensor pollicis brevis and through the extensor hood insert into the base of the distal phalanx. The extensor pollicis brevis was absent in 2% and tendon was also duplicated in 2%. In case of absent extensor pollicis brevis tendon, one of the slips from the abductor pollicis longus insert into base of the proximal phalanx instead of the extensor pollicis brevis. The extensor pollicis brevis tendon showed various modes of insertion. The overall length of the extensor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis were 121 mm and 90 mm respectively. The thickness of the extensor pollicis longus at the proximal, middle and distal level of insertion were 1.25 mm, 0.76 mm and 0.55 mm respectively, whereas for the extensor pollicis brevis it was 1mm, 0.75 mm and 0.53 mm. The results obtained from this study may be helpful for the hand surgeons in the management of extensor tendon injuries of the thumb, its reconstructive procedures and in differential diagnosis of dorsal wrist pain.

No abstract

No abstract

Turner syndrome is a pan-ethnic congential disorder caused by the partial or complete absence of one of the X chromosomes in females. Development of secondary sexual characteristics or menarche or spontaneous conception in Turner syndrome requires hormonal replacement therapy. Only a very few cases have been documented with spontaneous menarche with Turner syndrome. In this report, we are presenting a case of Turner syndrome, along with thyroid dysfunction who had spontaneous menarche.

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), is a X-linked disorder characterized by resistance to androgen caused by mutation of androgen receptor gene in which XY karyotype individuals exhibit female phenotype.AIS is characterised by evidence of feminization (under masculinization) of the external genitalia at birth, abnormal secondary sexual development at puberty, and infertility in individuals with 46 XY karyotype.We are presenting here a familial case of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome in south Indian Population. 46 XY karyotype was found in two subjects who were cousin sisters with female phenotype,who presented with primary amenorrhoea. Comet assay was done, which showed results comparable with normal males. In both girls' inguinal gonads was present which was removed and hormonal therapy with estrogen was given to prevent osteoporosis. Androgen insensitivity syndrome can be inherited as an X linked disorder as evidenced by previous studies.

No abstract

significant outlier was identified having mean local lung HU beyond two standard deviations from the mean of all patients. Upon removal of this outlier, "mean HU difference" (r 2 Z 0.56 e first fraction, and r 2 Z 0.56 e last fraction) and "local target contrast" (r 2 Z 0.48 e first fraction, and r 2 Z 0.40 e last fraction) were correlated with mean 3D vector difference. Three of 10 patients had inter-observer variability that was considered clinically significant, defined here as having a 95% confidence width greater than 5 mm. All of these patients had higher "target excursion" and/ or "local target contrast" scores compared to the remaining patients. Conclusion: Three metrics were shown here to potentially identify patients for which large inter-observer variations would be anticipated and may be used in the future to develop thresholds for additional interventions to mitigate these registration variations.

No abstract