The agricultural sector is highly vulnerable to climate change, particularly in drought-prone environments. An understanding of perceptions, adaptation strategies, and their determinants including a gender analysis can benefit vulnerable farmers and policy makers. Using a survey of 360 farming household heads and their spouses, this study identified the intra-household perceptions and their determinants, the major strategies adopted by the farmers to adapt to climate change, and the factors that affect their adaptation decision and choice of strategies including the role of intra-household decision making in a drought prone environment of Bangladesh. The adaptation methods identified include short-duration and drought-tolerant rice varieties, supplementary irrigation for crop production, non-rice winter and horticultural crops, and improved channels for irrigation and water harvesting. Discrete choice model results indicate that age, household size, membership in any organization, access to credit,

This study examines the effects of non-farm income on household consumption expenditures in rural Bangladesh. A two-stage endogenous treatment effect model is built on data from a nationally representative Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2010 to control selection bias. The HIES follows a hierarchical data structure because the survey is based on two-stage stratified sampling. A multilevel mixed-effects linear regression model is used to capture the unobserved heterogeneity between clusters (PSUs) along with revealing important factors. Results reveal that non-farm income has a significant positive effect on household's consumption expenditures and non-farm income recipient households spend about 29% more than their counterparts. In addition, higher level of per capita income, education, smaller family size and lower dependency ratio are found to be more effective in increasing consumption expenditures of rural households. Significant cluster-level variations are observed in the analyses. This study recommends that non-farm income generating activities should be encouraged among rural households as this would raise their consumption expenditures and hence, improve welfare and living standards among them. KeywordsNon-farm income • Consumption expenditures • Treatment effect model • Multilevel regression • Rural households • Bangladesh B M. J. Hossain

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This article determines the impact of land fragmentation and soil fertility on Aus rice producers' technical efficiency (TE) of Barisal district in Bangladesh. A total of 60 farm households from two villages were selected using stratified random sampling procedure. Detailed input and output data for the Aus were collected in May 2015. Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier model was used to address this TE. Results indicate that the mean TE was 0.61. Among the four land fragmentation indicators two were found to be statistically significant with anticipated signs. The positive effect of the number of plots on TE implies that variation effect exceeded the management effect and the average distance from plots to homestead indicating loss of time and inconvenience in farming management as well as inefficiencies in input use. The study also used two indicators of soil fertility (i.e., share of highly fertile land and share of not highly fertile land). Between these share of highly fertile land had positive impact on TE in rice productivity. Therefore, the study includes policy implications addressing the structural causes of land fragmentation and developing effective strategies to promote soil conservation.