tion was built (Tableau 8) to visualize the information to be easily communicated to local authorities and clinicians. Results: A middle-sized Finnish municipality with 74 168 inhabitants (Joensuu) was chosen as a case-example. The estimated number of diabetic patients was 2267, out of which 1678 had T2D. Within three years among patients with T2D, the predicted number of CHD events would be 73 and 57 for HbA1c levels 6.5% and 8.0%, respectively, resulting total of 16 avoidable CHD events. ConClusions: By bringing the understanding of epidemiology and treatment effects to local level, there is a possibility to show the positive outcomes of good diabetes care in real practice. This information may be used to help budget holders in resource allocation and to motivate authorities, clinicians (and patients) to follow the diabetes treatments guidelines.
agers, pharmacy staff, and pharmacy clients. The target population of this study was community pharmacies settled in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. The managerial team of the invited pharmacies must remain unchanged for at least three years ending to the study. Manager's and staff questionnaires contained questions about their job satisfaction, self assessment of knowledge, skills, and performance. Staff was also asked about manager's behavior. Client's questionnaire evaluated client's satisfaction with the pharmacy. Confirmatory factor analysis and correlation test were performed using SPSS 16.0.0. Results: Data from 187 pharmacies was gathered. Based on the results, applying strategy planning had significant relationship with financial (R= 0.204, p-value< 0.05) and societal results (R= 0.451, p-value < 0.01). Manager's behavior was significantly (p-value < 0.01) correlated with society, staff and client result (R= 0.234, 0.674 and 0.307, respectively). Staff's knowledge and skills was related with staff's satisfaction (R= 0.211, p-value < 0.01), society (R= 0.339, p-value < 0.01) and financial (R= 172, p-value < 0.05) result, but client's satisfaction correlation was only significant with technical pharmacist's skills (R= 0.275) and non-pharmaceutical knowledge (communication, information exchange, and ethics) (R= 0.301). ConClusions: Although community pharmacies, in Iran, suffer from low professionalization and health policy makers' inattention, results of this study are promising, because show that manger's can still affect pharmacy achievements by improving their behavior, knowledge and skills.
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A LT H 1 7 ( 2 0 1 4 ) A 7 1 9 -A 8 1 3 reasons for self-medication, factors that influenced the choice of drug and source of drug. Results: People of all socio-demographic categories practice self-medication. A total of 76.8% of the respondents indulged in self-medication practices. Of which, 33.0% used the medication inappropriately. The most frequently self-diagnosed illnesses or symptoms of illnesses were: GI illnesses, cough/cold and headache/fever. Of these illnesses, more than 35% were less than 24 hours duration and nearly 80% less than seven days duration of illness. The reasons given by respondents for selfdiagnosis and self-medication were non-seriousness of the illnesses, for emergency use and prior experience about the illness with similar symptoms (39.7%) and even advice of non-physician health professional (33.5%). Whatever the duration of illnesses and reasons for self-diagnosis, nearly 65% requested drugs by mentioning the names of the drugs and more than one-fifth by telling the symptoms of their illnesses. Requests for analgesics/antipyretics were very high (60%) followed by antimicrobial drugs (40%) for all reported illness. Drug requested mostly in other conditions include cold/cough suppressants, Gastro Intestinal drugs and very low for ORS. ConClusions: The level of inappropriate drug use denotes self-medication as an unhealthy option, and it therefore, should be discouraged.
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