We performed a series of trials to assess the effect of dietary supplementation with microencapsulated Enterococcus fecalis CG1.0007 on growth performance, antioxidation activity, and intestinal microbiota in Arbor Acres broiler chickens ("broilers"). A total of 150 1-d-old broilers were assigned randomly to 5 feeding treatments (a control group fed the basal diet, 3 groups fed the basal diet plus various concentrations of microencapsulated CG1.0007, and 1 group fed the basal diet plus an antibiotic). Changes in important genera of intestinal bacteria were studied using 16S rRNA gene-based PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiling and real-time quantitative PCR analysis of fecal samples. During the course of the 42-d experimental period, ADG of the birds fed the high and intermediate concentrations of microcapsules were significantly greater (9.90 and 9.50%, respectively) and the ratios of feed to gain fed were significantly lower (4.40 and 4.00%, respectively) compared with the control group. The total antioxidant capacity and the content of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase in the microcapsule-treated groups showed significant changes in terms of antioxidation. The numbers of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were significantly greater in the microcapsule-treated groups than in the control group. Cluster analysis indicated that the DGGE bacterial profiles were related to the feeding treatments and revealing the diversity and richness of the intestinal microbiota associated with supplementation of microcapsules. In summary, our results indicate that dietary addition of microencapsulated E. fecalis CG1.0007 enhanced the growth performance of the broilers and improved their health.
The effects of microencapsulation of Enterococcus faecalis on the growth performance, antioxidant activity, immune function, and cecal microbiota in broilers were investigated. Broilers (1-day-old) were assigned randomly as follows: 5 treatments, 5 replicate pens per treatment, and 20 broilers per pen. Treatments included (1) a basal diet (CON), (2) CON + Aureomycin (1 g/kg of diet) (ANT), (3) CON + free non-encapsulated probiotics (1 × 10(9) cfu/kg of diet) (FREE), (4) CON + pro-encapsulated probiotics (1 × 10(9) cfu/kg of diet) (PRO), and (5) CON + pre-encapsulated probiotics (1 × 10(9) cfu/kg of diet) (PRE). Feedings included starter (1 to 21 d) and grower (21 to 42 d) phases. In the starter phase, the ANT and the PRE groups had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than the CON groups, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) for these 2 groups was decreased (P < 0.05). In the finisher phase, the PRE and PRO groups had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than the CON group and their FCR was decreased significantly (P < 0.05). During the entire feeding period, only the PRE group showed greater (P < 0.05) ADG and lower (P < 0.05) FCR. On day 21, only birds in the PRE group had greater (P < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity and number of Lactobacillus than the CON group. On day 42, The PRE group showed greater (P < 0.05) superoxide dismutase than the CON group. Serum IgA and IgM concentrations were increased (P < 0.05) in the PRE group. Serum IL-6 in the PRE group was greater (P < 0.05) than in the other groups with the exception of ANT. At the phylum level, Firmicutes was enriched (P < 0.05) and Proteobacteria was depleted (P < 0.05) only in the PRE group. At the genus level, only the PRE diets increased (P < 0.05) the number of both Lactobacillus and Enterococcus. The results indicate that pre-encapsulation assists the efficient functioning of probiotics in broilers.
The objectives of this study were to determine true phosphorus (P) digestibility, degradability of phytate-P complex and the endogenous P outputs associated with brown rice feeding in weanling pigs by using the simple linear regression analysis technique. Six barrows with an average initial body weight of 12.5 kg were fitted with a T-cannula and fed six diets according to a 6 £ 6 Latin-square design. Six maize starch-based diets, containing six levels of P at 0.80, 1.36, 1.93, 2.49, 3.04, and 3.61 g/kg per kg dry-matter (DM) intake (DMI), were formulated with brown rice. Each experimental period lasted 10 days. After a 7-day adaptation, all faecal samples were collected on days 8 and 9. Ileal digesta samples were collected for a total of 24 h on day 10. The apparent ileal and faecal P digestibility values of brown rice were affected ( P , 0.01) by the P contents in the assay diets. The apparent ileal and faecal P digestibility values increased from 248.0 to 36.7% and from 235.6 to 40.0%, respectively, as P content increased from 0.80 to 3.61 g/kg DMI. Linear relationships ( P , 0.05), expressed as g/kg DMI, between the apparent ileal and faecal digestible P and dietary levels of P, suggested that true P digestibility and the endogenous P outputs associated with brown rice feeding could be determined by using the simple regression analysis technique. There were no differences ( P . 0.05) in true P digestibility values (57.7^5.4 v. 58.2^5.9%), phytate P degradability (76.4^6.7 v. 79.0^4.4%) and the endogenous P outputs (0.812^0..096 v. 0.725^0.083 g/kg DMI) between the ileal and the faecal levels. The endogenous faecal P output represented 14 and 25% of the National Research Council (1998) recommended daily total and available P requirements in the weanling pig, respectively. About 58% of the total P in brown rice could be digested and absorbed by the weanling pig. Our results suggest that the large intestine of the weanling pigs does not play a significant role in the digestion of P in brown rice. Diet formulation on the basis of total or apparent P digestibility with brown rice may lead to P overfeeding and excessive P excretion in pigs.
SU MMARYThe present study was conducted to determine the effects of a polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrophala Koidz (PAM) as a dietary additive on growth performance, immunoglobulin concentration and IL-1b expression in weaned piglets. One hundred and twenty LandracerYorkshire piglets weaned at 28 days old (body weight 7 . 5¡0 . 07 kg) were assigned to five treatment groups (three pens/ group, eight piglets/pen) fed maize/soybean-based diets supplemented with 0, 3, 6 or 9 g of PAM/kg diet or antibiotics (0 . 4 g flavomycin/kg+0 . 13 g olaquindox/kg). The experimental period was 28 days. With increasing PAM supplementation levels, average daily gain was greater (quadratic, P<0 . 05) and the ratio of amount fed to live weight (LW) gain (feed/gain) improved (quadratic, P<0 . 05) during days 14-28 and overall, and diarrhoea incidence decreased (linear, P<0 . 05) during days 14-28. Supplementation of PAM also increased (quadratic, P<0 . 05) serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6 on day 14, and increased (quadratic, P<0 . 05) IL-1b expression in jejunal mucosa and lymph nodes. Concentrations of PAM between 6 and 9 g/kg presented the strongest bioactivity compared to the control group or antibiotic-fed group. These findings indicate that PAM is effective in improving growth performance and cytokine response, which suggests that PAM can be used as a diet additive for weanling piglets.
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