Background: Celiac trunk is the first major visceral branch of the abdominal aorta. The aim of this work was to present the celiac trunk division pattern and its anatomical variants in a sample of Polish population. Materials and methods: Celiac trunk dissection was performed in 50 adult cadavers in the Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College. Cadavers of Polish subjects were included. Cadavers with previous upper abdominal surgery, abdominal trauma, disease process that distorted arterial anatomy or signs of putrefaction were excluded. Celiac trunk variations, accessory vessels, and vertebral level of origin were described. Celiac trunk patterns were reported according to the Adachi classification. This study was reviewed and approved by the local Ethics Committee. Results: Celiac trunk consisting of the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic artery (type 1 according to the Adachi classification) was found in 82% of cadavers. The true tripod was found in 20% and the false one in 80%. Additional vessels were also found: greater pancreatic from the splenic artery and left inferior phrenic from the left gastric artery, which accounted for 2% sections. Type 2 according to the Adachi classification (i.e. the hepatosplenic trunk) were found in 16% of the sections. Other types of celiac trunk were not observed. The level of origin was found to be at the inter-vertebral disc between T12 and L1 in all of the cases. Conclusions: Based on the analysis of the sectional material of the Department of Anatomy, it was found that the typical visceral segmental division is approximate to that observed by Adachi in its classification, whereas the second type of celiac trunk was twice as frequent and no other, less frequent were found. variety.

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With the advent of breast conservation options in the 1970s, as well as wider acceptance of breast reconstruction in cancer patients in 1980/1990, ending up with evolution of oncoplastic concepts in the early 2000s, detailed surgical anatomy of the breast became important. This short article reviews surgical anatomy of breast with particular emphasis on innervation and blood supply to the skin and nipple-areolar complex, as well as points out the concept of compartmental breast cancer anatomy. Meticulous dissection and avoidance of transection of major vessels and nerves constitutes the crucial factor for satisfactory results of surgery in terms of preservation of sensation as well as appropriate vitality of skin.

This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially.

This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially.

Purpose The superior mesenteric artery is one of the most important arteries in the abdominal cavity, which is of great clinical importance, especially in surgical procedures and fatal ischemic complications. The aim of this study was to develop a clinical classification of the superior mesenteric artery. Methods Postmortem contrast-enhanced computed tomography of 104 (29.8% female, age 50.7 ± 18.7) human bodies were analyzed. Based on anatomic predisposition to ischemic and iatrogenic complications, a three-tiered clinical classification of the superior mesenteric artery was developed. Type 0 was defined as standard risk for ischemic and iatrogenic complications. Type 1 was defined as increased thromboembolic risk with decreased risk of iatrogenic bleeding, and type 2 was defined as decreased ischemic risk with increased risk of iatrogenic bleeding. The supply area of the superior mesenteric artery was divided into 4 regions: pancreas, caecum, ascending colon, and transverse colon. Results Type 0 (standard risk) was found in 62.5% of cases. Type 1 was most frequently observed in the ascending colon region (15.4%). Type 2 was most frequently observed in the pancreatic region (17.3%). Regarding type, most abnormalities were found in the region of the ascending colon (18.3%), pancreas region (17.3%), and transverse colon (16.3%). Conclusion The proposed clinical classification of SMA links anatomic variations in morphology with their clinical significance. A simple, three-level classification can be easily applied in daily practice and serve as a great support for preoperative evaluation and recognition of patients at risk of iatrogenic or thromboembolic complications.

This article has been peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance.It is an open access article, which means that it can be downloaded, printed, and distributed freely, provided the work is properly cited. Articles in "Folia Morphologica" are listed in PubMed.

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