Renewable energy called normal-butanol is a possible alternative fuel for automobile vehicles like some other possible fuel such as compressed natural gas (CNG), liquid petroleum gas (LPG), ethanol, and methanol. Bio-butanol or normal-butanol is also a meritable energy source to substitute for regular fossil fuels. The normal-butanol has recently started to use as a possible substitute fuel to regular fuels for internal combustion engines to attain eco-friendly and capital benefits. As compared to regular energy sources in internal combustion engines, normal-butanol has some benefits, so it shows the potential to decrease tailpipe emission andan increase in positive network delivery. The current work carried out to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of dual spark plug ignition engine fuelled with normal-butanol as additive fuel by adopting 10:1 and 10.5:1compression ratios. The experimental results reveal that when compared between 10:1 and 10.5:1 compression ratios, brake power (BP) is increased by 3.5% and 3.2% for normal-Butanol 35 (nB35) blend and energy efficiency increased by 2.72% and 2.14% for nB35 blend at a part and full load for 10.5:1 compression ratio. The n-butanol create a greater impact on tailpipe emissions that the carbon monoxide (CO) decreased by 32%, 29%, and hydrocarbon (HC) reduced by 2.38% and 2.22% for nB35 blend at a part and full load condition respectively. The experimental results on dual spark ignition engine using n-butanol as additive fuel by varying compression ratioreveals that n-butanol can be a suitable replacement energy source for the automobile sector in the nearest future.
. 2007. Assessing the energy potential of agricultural bioenergy pathways for Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 87: 781-792. We assessed agricultural bioenergy pathways using existing and newly developed life cycle energy analyses so as to compare the potential of these pathways to replace fossil fuel in Canada. Energy gains after subtracting life cycle fossil energy inputs (E g ) and the ratio of fuel energy to life cycle fossil energy input (ER) were calculated. Results varied widely, reflecting differences in regional yields and study assumptions. Grasses and coppiced willow processed to electricity and heat exhibited Egs of 29-117 GJ ha -1 yr -1 and ERs of 4-17. These crops processed to lignocellulosic ethanol showed E g s of 22-114 GJ ha -1 yr -1 and ERs of 5-13. Grain ethanol and oilseed biodiesel showed E g s from -15 to 32 GJ ha -1 yr -1 and ERs from 0.8 to 3.7. Assuming 20% of Canada's cleared agricultural land could be dedicated to annual biofuel crops, grain ethanol or oilseed biodiesel could displace up to 10 or 50%, respectively, of national road gasoline or diesel demand. If instead 40% of cleared agricultural land could be dedicated to perennials, the feedstocks could displace up to 52% of road gasoline demand if processed to lignocellulosic ethanol or 100% of utilities' and industries' fossil fuel demand for electricity and steam production. Our analyses showed that a goal of fossil fuel displacement favors the production of perennial crops for electricity and heating.
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